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My flashcards > Biology, Autumn 2022 > Flashcards

Biology, Autumn 2022 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

The process of using energy to move substances in or out a cell from a low concentration gradient to a high concentration gradient.

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2
Q

Where does active transport take place?

A

In plants and animals

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3
Q

Why does active transport take place?

A

To transport ions

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4
Q

What is an example of an ion?

A

sodium

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5
Q

What is ATP?

A

Unit of energy

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6
Q

How does active transport take place?

A

Carrier proteins allow charged larger insoluble molecules to pass through the cell membrane

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7
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from a dilute to more concentrated solution, across a partially permeable membrane.

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8
Q

What is a dilute?

A

A solution with a small amount of solute dissolved

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9
Q

What is an example of osmosis?

A

How water keeps plant cells turgid.

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10
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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11
Q

Where does diffusion occur?

A

Across a permeable cell membrane

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12
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion?

A

Higher temperature leads to more kinetic energy, so diffusion is faster.

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13
Q

How does concentration affect diffusion?

A

A bigger difference in concentration means diffusion is faster.

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14
Q

How does surface area of the cells affect diffusion?

A

More surface area allows more particles to be diffused at the same time so its faster.

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15
Q

How does the distance affect diffusion?

A

Shorter distance means that diffusion is faster.

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16
Q

How does pressure affect diffusion?

A

More pressure leads to more diffusion

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17
Q

What is in animal cells?

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria and cell membrane

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18
Q

What is in plant cells?

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria, cell membrane, chloroplasts, vacuole and cell wall.

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19
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

It is a freely permeable layer around the cell membrane which strengthens the cell.

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20
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

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21
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

It’s a fluid enclosed by the cell which is the location of many chemical reactions.

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22
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It is where aerobic respiration occurs.

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23
Q

What do the chloroplasts do?

A

It is where photosynthesis occurs, and where sugar is produced.

24
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

Stores water

25
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

Where amino acids connect to produce proteins.

26
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls the activities of the cell.

27
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Cell structure that is specialised to carry out a particular function or job

28
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic structural and functional unit of a living organism

29
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function

30
Q

What is an organ?

A

Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions

31
Q

What do the salivary glands do?

A

Produce saliva containing amylase

32
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

Muscular tube which moves ingested food to the stomach

33
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Muscular organ where digestion continues

34
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces digestive enzymes

35
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile

36
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

Stores bile before releasing it into the small intestine.

37
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile breaks down fats in the small intestine.

38
Q

What is the plant cell wall made up of?

A

Cellulose

39
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Organisms with cells which have a nucleus in a nuclear envelope

40
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Single celled organisms

41
Q

What is the IAM triangle?

A

Image size = Actual size x Magnification

42
Q

How to work out total magnification?

A

eyepiece lens x objective lens

43
Q

How does measles spread?

A

Droplet infection like coughing

44
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever, rash and death

45
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

A flu-like illness which can lead to AIDS where the body can’t deal with any other infections due to damages.

46
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sexual contact or sharing needles.

47
Q

What are the symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus?

A

It damages leaves and reduces photosynthesis

48
Q

How does the tobacco mosaic virus spread?

A

Spread by contact or vectors.

49
Q

How does salmonella spread?

A

Spread through undercooked food and poor hygiene.

50
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting.

51
Q

How does gonorrhoea spread?

A

Gonorrhoea spreads through sexual contact.

52
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Green discharge and pain when urinating.

53
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

Damages leaves to reduce photosynthesis.

54
Q

How does rose black spot spread?

A

Spreads by wind and water.

55
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Damages liver and blood cells, causes fever, shaking and death.

56
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Parasitic protists and mosquitos.

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