Biology, Autumn 2022 Flashcards
What is Active Transport?
The process of using energy to move substances in or out a cell from a low concentration gradient to a high concentration gradient.
Where does active transport take place?
In plants and animals
Why does active transport take place?
To transport ions
What is an example of an ion?
sodium
What is ATP?
Unit of energy
How does active transport take place?
Carrier proteins allow charged larger insoluble molecules to pass through the cell membrane
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules from a dilute to more concentrated solution, across a partially permeable membrane.
What is a dilute?
A solution with a small amount of solute dissolved
What is an example of osmosis?
How water keeps plant cells turgid.
What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Where does diffusion occur?
Across a permeable cell membrane
How does temperature affect diffusion?
Higher temperature leads to more kinetic energy, so diffusion is faster.
How does concentration affect diffusion?
A bigger difference in concentration means diffusion is faster.
How does surface area of the cells affect diffusion?
More surface area allows more particles to be diffused at the same time so its faster.
How does the distance affect diffusion?
Shorter distance means that diffusion is faster.
How does pressure affect diffusion?
More pressure leads to more diffusion
What is in animal cells?
Cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria and cell membrane
What is in plant cells?
Cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria, cell membrane, chloroplasts, vacuole and cell wall.
What does the cell wall do?
It is a freely permeable layer around the cell membrane which strengthens the cell.
What does the cell membrane do?
Controls what enters and exits the cell.
What does the cytoplasm do?
It’s a fluid enclosed by the cell which is the location of many chemical reactions.
What does the mitochondria do?
It is where aerobic respiration occurs.
What do the chloroplasts do?
It is where photosynthesis occurs, and where sugar is produced.
What does the vacuole do?
Stores water
What do the ribosomes do?
Where amino acids connect to produce proteins.
What does the nucleus do?
Controls the activities of the cell.
What is an organelle?
Cell structure that is specialised to carry out a particular function or job
What is a cell?
Basic structural and functional unit of a living organism
What is a tissue?
Group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
What is an organ?
Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions
What do the salivary glands do?
Produce saliva containing amylase
What does the oesophagus do?
Muscular tube which moves ingested food to the stomach
What does the stomach do?
Muscular organ where digestion continues
What does the pancreas do?
Produces digestive enzymes
What does the liver do?
Produces bile
What does the gall bladder do?
Stores bile before releasing it into the small intestine.
What does bile do?
Bile breaks down fats in the small intestine.
What is the plant cell wall made up of?
Cellulose
What are eukaryotic cells?
Organisms with cells which have a nucleus in a nuclear envelope
What are prokaryotic cells?
Single celled organisms
What is the IAM triangle?
Image size = Actual size x Magnification
How to work out total magnification?
eyepiece lens x objective lens
How does measles spread?
Droplet infection like coughing
What are the symptoms of measles?
Fever, rash and death
What are the symptoms of HIV?
A flu-like illness which can lead to AIDS where the body can’t deal with any other infections due to damages.
How is HIV spread?
Sexual contact or sharing needles.
What are the symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus?
It damages leaves and reduces photosynthesis
How does the tobacco mosaic virus spread?
Spread by contact or vectors.
How does salmonella spread?
Spread through undercooked food and poor hygiene.
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting.
How does gonorrhoea spread?
Gonorrhoea spreads through sexual contact.
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Green discharge and pain when urinating.
What are the symptoms of rose black spot?
Damages leaves to reduce photosynthesis.
How does rose black spot spread?
Spreads by wind and water.
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Damages liver and blood cells, causes fever, shaking and death.
What causes malaria?
Parasitic protists and mosquitos.
