Chemistry Flashcards
Properties of Water
- Excellent Solvent
- High Heat capacity
- High Cohesion/Surface tension - attraction to like
- Strong Adhesion- attraction to unlike substances. (Wet finger and flip pages)
Ionic bonds
Transfer of electrons from one atom to another
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
Give 2 examples
Single sugar molecule(glucose or fructose)
Carbohydrates: disaccharide
Give three examples and what they each contain
Two surge molecules. Sucrose(glu+fru) Lactose(glu+gal). Maltose(glu+glu)
Carbohydrates:Polysaccharides
Series of connected monosaccharides; polymer
Starch
Stored energy in plant cells
Glycogen
Stored energy in animal cells
Cellulose
Molecules for walls of plant cells and wood
Chitin
Molecule in fungal cell walls(exoskeleton of insects)
Triglycerides contains:
Includes fats and oils
3 fatty acid chains
Contain saturated(straight chain)and unsaturated(branching)
Unsaturated
Double bonds
Saturated
Fatty acid that has a single covalent bond
No double bonds
Phospholipid contains:
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
Amphipathic
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Waxes
Esters of fatty acids and monohydroxlic alcohols
Adipocytes
Specialized fat cells whose cytoplasm contains nothing but triglycerides
Cofactors
Are non-proteins molecules that assist enzymes.
Nucleotide contains:
Nitrogen base, five carbon sugar deoxyribose
Purines
Adenine, guanine
Pyrimidines
Thymine, cytosine
Cell theory
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, in all organisms.
- All cells come from pre-existing, living cells
- Cells carry hereditary information.
Metabolism
Catabolism + anabolism + energy transfer
ATP
Common source of activation energy.
Allosteric Enzymes
Have 2 kinds of binding sites:
an active site for substrate binding and an allosteric site for binding of an allosteric effector.
Competitive inhibition
Binding of the inhibitor to the active site of the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate. No enzyme substrate reaction takes place as a result.
Non-competitive inhibition
Happens where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme by binding to enzyme(other than the active site) and causing it informational change in enzyme shape. This change may effect the ability of the enzyme and active site ability to transform substrate into a product.
Many toxins and antibiotics are noncompetitor inhibitors.
Covalent bonds
Shared electrons
Electronegativity
ability of an atom to attract electrons
Non-polar electrons
Share equally
Polar electrons
shared unequally
Single, Double, and Triple covalent bonds:
2,4,6, electrons shared
Hydrogen bonds are:
weak bonds between molecules.
Functional groups
Each functional group gives the molecule a particular property, such as acidity or polarity.
Sucrose(common table sugar)
glucose + fructose
Lactose(the sugar in milk)
Glucose + glactose
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Lipids are substances that are_______
insoluble in water.
Monounsaturated fatty acid:
One double covalent bond
Polyunsaturated:
two or more double covalent bonds
Steroids:
four linked carbon rings.
Examples include: cholesterol(component of cell membranes), and certain hormones, including testosterone and estrogen.
ProteinsL Enzymes
regulate the rate of chemical reactions.
All proteins are polymers of
amino acids
The bonds between amino acids are called:
Also what is a chain of amino acids?
peptide bonds. A chain is a polypeptide.
Hydrophobic Effect:
occurs when hydrophobic R groups move toward the center of the protein( away from the water in which the protein is usually immersed)
Ways RNA is different from DNA
- RNA molecule is ribose, not deoxyribose as in DNA
- The thymine nucleotide does not occur in RNA. It is replaced by uracil. When pairing of the bases occurs in RNA, uracil pairs with adenine.
- RNA is single stranded. DNA is double helix
Activation energy
In order for a chemical reaction to take place, reacting molecules must first collide and then have sufficient energy to trigger the formation of new bonds.
Metabolism includes:
Catabolism=breakdown
Anabolism/synthesis=formation of new products.
Equilibrium:
describes the condition where the rate of reaction in the forward direction favors the rate in the reverse direction
No net production
Enzymes:
are globular proteins that act as as catalysts.
Characteristics of Enzymes:
- are substrate specific
- Efficiency is effected by temperature and pH.
- Induced fit-model:describes how enzymes work.
Coenzymes:
are organic cofactors that donate or accept some component of a reaction; often electrons.
Inorganic cofactors are:
metal ions, like Fe2+ and Mg2+
Allosteric activator
binds to an enzyme and induces the enzymes ACTIVE form
Allosteric inhibitor
binds to the enzyme and induces the enzymes INACTIVE form
