Chemistry

Question 0

Properties of Water

Answer 0

1. Excellent Solvent
2. High Heat capacity
3. High Cohesion/Surface tension - attraction to like
4. Strong Adhesion- attraction to unlike substances. (Wet finger and flip pages)

Question 1

Ionic bonds

Answer 1

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Question 2

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides

Give 2 examples

Answer 2

Single sugar molecule(glucose or fructose)

Question 3

Carbohydrates: disaccharide

Give three examples and what they each contain

Answer 3

Two surge molecules. Sucrose(glu+fru) Lactose(glu+gal). Maltose(glu+glu)

Question 4

Carbohydrates:Polysaccharides

Answer 4

Series of connected monosaccharides; polymer

Question 5

Starch

Answer 5

Stored energy in plant cells

Question 6

Glycogen

Answer 6

Stored energy in animal cells

Question 7

Cellulose

Answer 7

Molecules for walls of plant cells and wood

Question 8

Chitin

Answer 8

Molecule in fungal cell walls(exoskeleton of insects)

Question 10

Triglycerides contains:

Answer 10

Includes fats and oils

3 fatty acid chains

Contain saturated(straight chain)and unsaturated(branching)

Question 10

Unsaturated

Answer 10

Double bonds

Question 11

Saturated

Answer 11

Fatty acid that has a single covalent bond

No double bonds

Question 12

Phospholipid contains:

Answer 12

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

Question 13

Amphipathic

Answer 13

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 14

Waxes

Answer 14

Esters of fatty acids and monohydroxlic alcohols

Question 15

Adipocytes

Answer 15

Specialized fat cells whose cytoplasm contains nothing but triglycerides

Question 16

Cofactors

Answer 16

Are non-proteins molecules that assist enzymes.

Question 17

Nucleotide contains:

Answer 17

Nitrogen base, five carbon sugar deoxyribose

Question 18

Purines

Answer 18

Adenine, guanine

Question 19

Pyrimidines

Answer 19

Thymine, cytosine

Question 20

Cell theory

Answer 20

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, in all organisms.
3. All cells come from pre-existing, living cells
4. Cells carry hereditary information.

Question 21

Metabolism

Answer 21

Catabolism + anabolism + energy transfer

Question 22

ATP

Answer 22

Common source of activation energy.

Question 24

Allosteric Enzymes

Have 2 kinds of binding sites:

Answer 24

an active site for substrate binding and an allosteric site for binding of an allosteric effector.

Question 25

Competitive inhibition

Answer 25

Binding of the inhibitor to the active site of the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate. No enzyme substrate reaction takes place as a result.

Question 26

Non-competitive inhibition

Answer 26

Happens where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme by binding to enzyme(other than the active site) and causing it informational change in enzyme shape. This change may effect the ability of the enzyme and active site ability to transform substrate into a product.

Many toxins and antibiotics are noncompetitor inhibitors.

Question 27

Covalent bonds

Answer 27

Shared electrons

Question 28

Electronegativity

Answer 28

ability of an atom to attract electrons

Question 29

Non-polar electrons

Answer 29

Share equally

Question 30

Polar electrons

Answer 30

shared unequally

Question 31

Single, Double, and Triple covalent bonds:

Answer 31

2,4,6, electrons shared

Question 32

Hydrogen bonds are:

Answer 32

weak bonds between molecules.

Question 33

Functional groups

Answer 33

Each functional group gives the molecule a particular property, such as acidity or polarity.

Question 34

Sucrose(common table sugar)

Answer 34

glucose + fructose

Question 35

Lactose(the sugar in milk)

Answer 35

Glucose + glactose

Question 36

Maltose

Answer 36

Glucose + Glucose

Question 37

Lipids are substances that are_______

Answer 37

insoluble in water.

Question 38

Monounsaturated fatty acid:

Answer 38

One double covalent bond

Question 39

Polyunsaturated:

Answer 39

two or more double covalent bonds

Question 40

Steroids:

Answer 40

four linked carbon rings.

Examples include: cholesterol(component of cell membranes), and certain hormones, including testosterone and estrogen.

Question 41

ProteinsL Enzymes

Answer 41

regulate the rate of chemical reactions.

Question 42

All proteins are polymers of

Answer 42

amino acids

Question 43

The bonds between amino acids are called:

Also what is a chain of amino acids?

Answer 43

peptide bonds. A chain is a polypeptide.

Question 44

Hydrophobic Effect:

Answer 44

occurs when hydrophobic R groups move toward the center of the protein( away from the water in which the protein is usually immersed)

Question 45

Ways RNA is different from DNA

Answer 45

1. RNA molecule is ribose, not deoxyribose as in DNA
2. The thymine nucleotide does not occur in RNA. It is replaced by uracil. When pairing of the bases occurs in RNA, uracil pairs with adenine.
3. RNA is single stranded. DNA is double helix

Question 46

Activation energy

Answer 46

In order for a chemical reaction to take place, reacting molecules must first collide and then have sufficient energy to trigger the formation of new bonds.

Question 47

Metabolism includes:

Answer 47

Catabolism=breakdown

Anabolism/synthesis=formation of new products.

Question 48

Equilibrium:

Answer 48

describes the condition where the rate of reaction in the forward direction favors the rate in the reverse direction

No net production

Question 49

Enzymes:

Answer 49

are globular proteins that act as as catalysts.

Question 50

Characteristics of Enzymes:

Answer 50

1. are substrate specific
2. Efficiency is effected by temperature and pH.
3. Induced fit-model:describes how enzymes work.

Question 51

Coenzymes:

Answer 51

are organic cofactors that donate or accept some component of a reaction; often electrons.

Question 52

Inorganic cofactors are:

Answer 52

metal ions, like Fe2+ and Mg2+

Question 53

Allosteric activator

Answer 53

binds to an enzyme and induces the enzymes ACTIVE form

Question 54

Allosteric inhibitor

Answer 54

binds to the enzyme and induces the enzymes INACTIVE form