Hormone Types - Steroid Where are they made? Hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

- Synth'd from cholesterol in smooth ER; hydrophobic = freely difuse but require protein transport molecule to dissolve in blood.

Animal Form and Function- { The Endocrine System] Flashcards by Harrison Torres

What is the purpose of the Endocrine System?

The endocrine system produces HORMONES that help maintain homeostasis and regulate reproduction and development.

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Endocrine-

synthesize and secretes hormones into bloodstream.

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Exocrine

Secrete substances into ducts(Ex - Gall Bladder) (Pancreas is both exo and endo)

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Protocrine

Autocrine -

Protocrine -Cell signaling where target is nearby.

Autocrine - is cell signaling via hormone/chemical messenger that binds to receptors or same cell.

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Prostaglandins

Causes contraction/relaxation.

They are local regulators that promote inflammation and sensation of pain in response to injury.

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General characteristics of hormone:

They are transported throughout body in blood ; small amount = large impact; slower effect.

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Hormone Types

Peptide
- Where is it manufactured and where do it end up?
- Describe some peptide hormones

Synthesized in rough ER and modified in Golgi, acts on surface receptors
-Manufactured in rough ER—->clevages in ER lumen —–> Final form is in Golgi.
They include (AP) FSH, LH, hGH, TSH, prolacting; glucagon, insulin

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Hormone Types

Steroid
- Where are they made?
- Hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

Synth’d from cholesterol in smooth ER; hydrophobic = freely difuse but require protein transport molecule to dissolve in blood.

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Hormone Types
-Tyrosine Derivatives -how is it formed?
Thyroid hormones?
Catecholamines(epi and norepi)

Tyrosine Derivatives - Formed by enzymes in cytosol or on rough ER.
Thyroid Hormones - lipid soluble, require protein from blood
Catecholamines - formed in adrenal medulla; epi and norepi.

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Hypothalamus

NEUROSECRETORY
PITUITARY GLAND
INHIBITING HORMONES
OXYTOCIN/ ADH

Monitors the external environment and internal conditions of the body. Contains NEUROSECRETORY cells that link the hypothalamus to the PITUITARY GLAND. Regulation of the pituitary = negative feedback mechanisms by secreation of releasing and INHIBITING HORMONES. Secretes ADH and OXYTOCIN to be stored in posterior pituitary; also secretes GnRH from neurons, which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

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Hypothalamus

-Anterior Pituitary -

Gland: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone: GH
Action: Cell Growth

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Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary - TROPIC HORMONES
ACTH
TSH(Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
LH -(females)- corpus luteum, Males
FSH -(males and females_

Anterior Pituitary(TROPIC HORMONES) = stimulate other endocrine glands.

ACTH - Target: Adrenal Cortex
Action: Secretion of glucocorticoids

TSH(thyroid-stimulating hormone) -
Target:Thyroid
Action:Secretion of T4 and T3

LH-
Target: Ovaries, testes
Action: Regulates oogenesis & spermatogenesis

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) =
Target: ovaries, testes
Action: regulates oogenesis & spermatogenesis

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Posterior Pituitary- does it or does it not make hormones? What does it store?

Does not synthesize hormones, STORES ADH and oxytocin produced by hypothalamus.

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Posterior Pituitary-
hormone?
Action?

Target: Kidneys, mammary glands
Hormone: ADH(antidiuretic)
Action: Increases reabsorption of water

Collecting duct –> water reabsorption and increased blood volume and pressure. Coffee blocks ADH.
Oxytocin - secreted during childbirth - increases strength of uterine contractions and stimulates milk EJECTION

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Pineal Gland -

Hormone: melatonin.
Action: role in circadian rhythm(internal clock).

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Thyroid - gland? Hormone? Action?
-Calcitonin?

Hypothyroidism -
Hyperthyroidism -

Located on ventral surface of trachea.

Target: bone
Hormone: T3/T4
Action: Regulates metabolism, lowers blood Ca+

Hypothyroidism - undersecretion —-> low heart rate and respiratory rate.

Hyperthyroidism - oversecretion—> increased metabolic rate and sweating
* Both lead to GOITERS

Disorders of the thyroid:

* Anchondroplasia
* Progeria

Anchondroplasia - DWARFISM

* Progeria = PREMATURE AGING

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-
Hormone? Target?Action?

Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Target: bone
-Action: Increases Ca2+ concentrations in blood

Thymus - What is it involved in?

* Thymosins
* T-cells

Thymus - involved in immune response
-Secretes THYMOSINS that stimulate lymphocytes (WBCs) to become T-CELLS(identification & destroying of infected body cells.

Adrenal Gland - Where is located?

Adrenal Cortex
Hormone?
Action?

Adrenal Gland - located on top of kidneys and consists of

Hormone: Glucocorticoids(ex: cortisol) Eg: Aldosterone.
Target: general, kidney
Action: increases blood glucose, increases reabsorption of Na and K+.

Adrenal Medulla
Hormone?
Target?
Action?

Adrenal gland (Medulla)

Hormone: Epinephrine & norepinephrine
Target: blood vessels, liver and heart.

Pancreas - exocrine or endocrine?
     *Islet of Landerhans
      2 cell types
      *Alpha cells -Hormone/action
      * Beta Cells - Hormone/action
      *Somatostatin

Pancreas - both exocrine & endocrine; has bundles of cells called ISLET OF LANDERHANS which contains 2 cell types:

Pancreas(alpha) -
Hormone: Glucagon
Target: liver
Action: increases blood glucose

Pancreas(beta)
Hormone: insulin
Target: liver, muscles, fat
Action:lowers blood glucose

SOMATOSTATIN - is released by delta cells of pancreasel inhibits both insulin and glucagon possibly increases nutrient absorption time.

Testis - Testosterone

Testosterone - spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics.

Ovaries:
Estrogen-
Progesterone -

Estrogen - menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics.

Progesterone - menstrual cycle, pregnancy.

Gastrointestinal hormones *Gastrin-

Gastrointestinal hormones *Gastrin- food in stomach, stimulates secretion of HCL

Gastrointestinal hormones * Secretin- * Cholecystokinin-

SECRETIN = small intestine - when acidic food enters from stomach ---> neutralize acidity of chime by secretion of alkaline bicarbonate. CHOLECYSTOKIN - Small intestine -presence in fats ----> causes contraction of gall-bladder and release of BILE(involved in digestion of fats.

Posterior Pituitary: Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Posterior Pituitary: Hormones - ADH(antidiuretic hormone) - Oxytoxin Target: Kidney, mammary glands Function: Increases reabsorption of water. Milk letdown.

Anterior Pituitary (tropic hormones) - Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Anterior Pituitary (tropic hormones) - Hormones - TSH(thyroid stimulating hormones) - ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormones) - FSH (follicle stimulating hormones) - LH (luteinizing hormones Target: Thyroid, Adrenal Cortex, Ovaries, testes Function: Secretion of T4 and T3. - Secretion of glucocorticoids - Regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis (both)

``` Anterior Pituitary(hormones) Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function? ```

Anterior Pituitary(hormones) Hormones: PRL(prolactin) GH(Growth hormones) Target: Mammary glands, bone, muscle Function: Production of milk Stimulates growth

Pancreas (Alpha cells) -Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Hormones: Glucagon Target: liver Function: Raise blood sugar

Pancreas (Beta cells) -Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Hormones: Insulin Target: Liver, muscles, fat Function: Lowers blood sugar

Adrenal Gland(medulla) -Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Hormones: Epinephrine(adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) Target: Blood vessels, live and heart. Function: Fight or Flight

``` Adrenal Gland (cortex) -Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function? ```

Hormones:Glucocorticoids(CORTISOL) Mineralocorticoids (ALDOSTERONE) Target: General Kidney Function: Secretes anti-inflammatory.

Thyroid -Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Hormone: T4(thyroxin) and T3(triiodothyronine) - Calcitonin Target: General Bone Function: Increases cellular metabolism and lowers blood Ca2+

Parathyroid -Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Hormones:Secretes PTH(parathyroid) Target: Testes, general Function: Spermatogenesis, 2nd sex char.

Ovary | -Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Hormones: Give off Estrogen, Progesteron Target: Uterus, Function: Menstrual cycle, 2nd sex char. pregnancy.

Pineal | -Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

Hormones: Melatonin Target: body Function: Circadian rhythms

Testes Hormone? Action?

Hormone: Give off Testosterone Action: Male sex characteristics