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Animal Form and Function- { The Endocrine System] Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the Endocrine System?

A

The endocrine system produces HORMONES that help maintain homeostasis and regulate reproduction and development.

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2
Q

Endocrine-

A

synthesize and secretes hormones into bloodstream.

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3
Q

Exocrine

A

Secrete substances into ducts(Ex - Gall Bladder) (Pancreas is both exo and endo)

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4
Q

Protocrine

Autocrine -

A

Protocrine -Cell signaling where target is nearby.

Autocrine - is cell signaling via hormone/chemical messenger that binds to receptors or same cell.

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5
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Causes contraction/relaxation.

They are local regulators that promote inflammation and sensation of pain in response to injury.

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6
Q

General characteristics of hormone:

A

They are transported throughout body in blood ; small amount = large impact; slower effect.

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7
Q

Hormone Types

  • Peptide
    • Where is it manufactured and where do it end up?
    • Describe some peptide hormones
A

Synthesized in rough ER and modified in Golgi, acts on surface receptors
-Manufactured in rough ER—->clevages in ER lumen —–> Final form is in Golgi.
They include (AP) FSH, LH, hGH, TSH, prolacting; glucagon, insulin

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8
Q

Hormone Types

  • Steroid
    • Where are they made?
    • Hydrophobic or hydrophillic?
A
  • Synth’d from cholesterol in smooth ER; hydrophobic = freely difuse but require protein transport molecule to dissolve in blood.
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9
Q

Hormone Types
-Tyrosine Derivatives -how is it formed?
Thyroid hormones?
Catecholamines(epi and norepi)

A

Tyrosine Derivatives - Formed by enzymes in cytosol or on rough ER.
Thyroid Hormones - lipid soluble, require protein from blood
Catecholamines - formed in adrenal medulla; epi and norepi.

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10
Q

Hypothalamus

  • NEUROSECRETORY
  • PITUITARY GLAND
  • INHIBITING HORMONES
  • OXYTOCIN/ ADH
A

Monitors the external environment and internal conditions of the body. Contains NEUROSECRETORY cells that link the hypothalamus to the PITUITARY GLAND. Regulation of the pituitary = negative feedback mechanisms by secreation of releasing and INHIBITING HORMONES. Secretes ADH and OXYTOCIN to be stored in posterior pituitary; also secretes GnRH from neurons, which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

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11
Q

Hypothalamus

-Anterior Pituitary -

A

Gland: Anterior Pituitary
Hormone: GH
Action: Cell Growth

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12
Q

Hypothalamus

  • Anterior Pituitary - TROPIC HORMONES
  • ACTH
  • TSH(Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
  • LH -(females)- corpus luteum, Males
  • FSH -(males and females_
A

Anterior Pituitary(TROPIC HORMONES) = stimulate other endocrine glands.

ACTH - Target: Adrenal Cortex
Action: Secretion of glucocorticoids

TSH(thyroid-stimulating hormone) -
Target:Thyroid
Action:Secretion of T4 and T3

LH-
Target: Ovaries, testes
Action: Regulates oogenesis & spermatogenesis

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) =
Target: ovaries, testes
Action: regulates oogenesis & spermatogenesis

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13
Q

Posterior Pituitary- does it or does it not make hormones? What does it store?

A

Does not synthesize hormones, STORES ADH and oxytocin produced by hypothalamus.

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14
Q

Posterior Pituitary-
hormone?
Action?

A

Target: Kidneys, mammary glands
Hormone: ADH(antidiuretic)
Action: Increases reabsorption of water

  • Collecting duct –> water reabsorption and increased blood volume and pressure. Coffee blocks ADH.
  • Oxytocin - secreted during childbirth - increases strength of uterine contractions and stimulates milk EJECTION
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15
Q

Pineal Gland -

A

Hormone: melatonin.
Action: role in circadian rhythm(internal clock).

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16
Q

Thyroid - gland? Hormone? Action?
-Calcitonin?

  • Hypothyroidism -
  • Hyperthyroidism -
A
  • Located on ventral surface of trachea.

Target: bone
Hormone: T3/T4
Action: Regulates metabolism, lowers blood Ca+

Hypothyroidism - undersecretion —-> low heart rate and respiratory rate.

Hyperthyroidism - oversecretion—> increased metabolic rate and sweating
* Both lead to GOITERS

17
Q

Disorders of the thyroid:

* Anchondroplasia
* Progeria
A
  • Anchondroplasia - DWARFISM

* Progeria = PREMATURE AGING

18
Q 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-
Hormone? Target?Action?
A

Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Target: bone
-Action: Increases Ca2+ concentrations in blood

19
Q

Thymus - What is it involved in?

* Thymosins
* T-cells
A

Thymus - involved in immune response
-Secretes THYMOSINS that stimulate lymphocytes (WBCs) to become T-CELLS(identification & destroying of infected body cells.

20
Q

Adrenal Gland - Where is located?

  • Adrenal Cortex
    Hormone?
    Action?
A

Adrenal Gland - located on top of kidneys and consists of

Hormone: Glucocorticoids(ex: cortisol) Eg: Aldosterone.
Target: general, kidney
Action: increases blood glucose, increases reabsorption of Na and K+.

21
Q

Adrenal Medulla
Hormone?
Target?
Action?

A

Adrenal gland (Medulla)

Hormone: Epinephrine & norepinephrine
Target: blood vessels, liver and heart.

22
Q 
Pancreas - exocrine or endocrine?
     *Islet of Landerhans
      2 cell types
      *Alpha cells -Hormone/action
      * Beta Cells - Hormone/action
      *Somatostatin
A

Pancreas - both exocrine & endocrine; has bundles of cells called ISLET OF LANDERHANS which contains 2 cell types:

Pancreas(alpha) -
Hormone: Glucagon
Target: liver
Action: increases blood glucose

Pancreas(beta)
Hormone: insulin
Target: liver, muscles, fat
Action:lowers blood glucose

SOMATOSTATIN - is released by delta cells of pancreasel inhibits both insulin and glucagon possibly increases nutrient absorption time.

23
Q

Testis - Testosterone

A

Testosterone - spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics.

24
Q

Ovaries:
Estrogen-
Progesterone -

A

Estrogen - menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics.

Progesterone - menstrual cycle, pregnancy.

25
Q

Gastrointestinal hormones

*Gastrin-

A

Gastrointestinal hormones

*Gastrin- food in stomach, stimulates secretion of HCL

26
Q

Gastrointestinal hormones

  • Secretin-
  • Cholecystokinin-
A

SECRETIN = small intestine - when acidic food enters from stomach —> neutralize acidity of chime by secretion of alkaline bicarbonate.

CHOLECYSTOKIN - Small intestine -presence in fats —-> causes contraction of gall-bladder and release of BILE(involved in digestion of fats.

27
Q

Posterior Pituitary: Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Posterior Pituitary:
Hormones - ADH(antidiuretic hormone)
- Oxytoxin

Target: Kidney, mammary glands

Function: Increases reabsorption of water. Milk letdown.

28
Q

Anterior Pituitary (tropic hormones) -

Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Anterior Pituitary (tropic hormones) -

Hormones - TSH(thyroid stimulating hormones)

               - ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormones)
              - FSH (follicle stimulating hormones)
              - LH (luteinizing hormones

Target: Thyroid, Adrenal Cortex, Ovaries, testes

Function: Secretion of T4 and T3.

           - Secretion of glucocorticoids
          - Regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis (both)
29
Q 
Anterior Pituitary(hormones)
Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?
A

Anterior Pituitary(hormones)

Hormones: PRL(prolactin)
GH(Growth hormones)

Target: Mammary glands, bone, muscle

Function: Production of milk
Stimulates growth

30
Q

Pancreas (Alpha cells)

-Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Hormones: Glucagon

Target: liver

Function: Raise blood sugar

31
Q

Pancreas (Beta cells)

-Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Hormones: Insulin

Target: Liver, muscles, fat

Function: Lowers blood sugar

32
Q

Adrenal Gland(medulla)

-Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Hormones: Epinephrine(adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

Target: Blood vessels, live and heart.

Function: Fight or Flight

33
Q 
Adrenal Gland (cortex) 
-Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?
A

Hormones:Glucocorticoids(CORTISOL)
Mineralocorticoids (ALDOSTERONE)

Target: General Kidney

Function: Secretes anti-inflammatory.

34
Q

Thyroid

-Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Hormone: T4(thyroxin) and T3(triiodothyronine)
- Calcitonin

Target: General Bone

Function: Increases cellular metabolism and lowers blood Ca2+

35
Q

Parathyroid

-Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Hormones:Secretes PTH(parathyroid)

Target: Testes, general
Function: Spermatogenesis, 2nd sex char.

36
Q

Ovary

-Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Hormones: Give off Estrogen, Progesteron
Target: Uterus,
Function: Menstrual cycle, 2nd sex char. pregnancy.

37
Q

Pineal

-Hormones, Target(which organs?), What is the function?

A

Hormones: Melatonin
Target: body
Function: Circadian rhythms

38
Q

Testes
Hormone?
Action?

A

Hormone: Give off Testosterone

Action: Male sex characteristics

Biology (24 decks)

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