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Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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3
Q

Homeostatis

A

The tendency of organism to maintain a stable internal balance in its environment

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4
Q

Negative Feedback

A

When a stimulus is reduced or dampen

Examples: When a person is out in the heat playing basketball, their body starts to sweat, this sweat helps balance out the internal temperature.

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5
Q

Positive Feedback

A

A stimulus is triggered by a stimulus that amplifies rather than diminish.

Example: Childbirth, blood clotting.

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6
Q

Serous membrane

A

Thin 2-layered membranes with fluid-filled space that covers the viscera within thoracic & abdominal cavities and lines walls of thorax

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7
Q

Visceral Layer:

A

Covers & adheres to organs within cavity

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8
Q

Parietal Layer:

A

Lines walls of cavity

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9
Q

Pleura:

A

Covers lungs within pleural cavities

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10
Q

Pericardium:

A

Covers heart within pericardial cavity

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11
Q

Peritoneum:

A

Covers adominal viscera within abdominal cavity.

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12
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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13
Q

Potential Energy:

A

Stored energy that is available to do work

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14
Q

Kinetic

A

Energy of motion

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15
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Energy used directly to move matter(used by muscle cells)

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16
Q

Micro anatomy

A

Study of microscopic structures

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17
Q

Radiant Energy

A

Energy that travels in waves(incl. solar energy, light energy)

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18
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release energy

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19
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Require(absorb) energy

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20
Q

The RATE of the chemical reaction is influenced by: (4things)

A
  1. Temperature- molecules move faster as the temp. Increases(inc collisions)
  2. Particle size- small molecules move faster
  3. Concentration - increases reactant concentrations (more collisions)
  4. Catalysts: inc. rate of chemical reactions without themselves being changed in the reaction

ENZYMES are biological catalysts

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21
Q

Inorganic Molecules:

A

Molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen(salts, strong acids, and bases, metal compounds)

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22
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharides: simple sugars with a backbone of 3 to 7 atoms
  • Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined by CONDENSATION
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23
Q

Polysaccharides includes STARCH:

A

STARCH is more moderately branched polymer of GLUCOSE, and is the storage form of carbohydrates in PLANT CELLS

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24
Q

Polysaccharides include: Cellulose

A

CELLULOSE is an unbranched polymer of glucose, with adjacent claims held together by HYDROGEN BONDS giving it a very rigid structure. It is the major component of plant cell walls.

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25
Q

Lipids:

A

-Neutral fats(fats or oils)

One triglyceride = Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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26
Q

Proteins are composed of

A

Amino Acid

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27
Q

Each amino acids has a central carbon bonded to an: (4 groups)

A

An amino group, a carboxylic acid group, a hydrogen atom, and the remaining side chain (R group)

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28
Q

Desaturation:

A

Disruption of specific 3D structure of a protein by increasing TEMPERATURE or changing pH.

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29
Q

Nucleic Acids are polymers of

A

Nucleotide monomers.

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30
Q

A nucleotide:

Say its components

A

= a pentose sugar + a phosphate + a nitrogenous(nitrogen-containing) base.

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31
Q

DNA is:

A

The genetic material of the cell(inherited from parents)

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32
Q

DNA is composed of four nucleotide subunits:

A

Adenine( A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and thymine(T)

33
Q

Adenine and Guanine are:

A

Purine bases

34
Q

Cytosine and Thymine are:

A

Pyridine bases

35
Q

DNA forms a_______ structure

A

Double-helical structure(DNA is double stranded)

36
Q

DNA strands of the double-helix are:

A

Complementary to each other so the second strand can be deduced, and synthesized in the cell, by simply comparing complementary bases.

37
Q

RNA is:

A

Synthesized from 1 strand of DNA.

RNA does NOT form a double helix(no pairing of complimentary bases)

RNA is single-stranded.

RNA also uses 4 nucleotide subunits; however, Uracil (U) replaces thymine in RNA.

38
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Outer boundary of cells(except plants cells—–cell wall)

Phospholipid Bilayer: Semipermeable and Selectively Permiable

39
Q

Facilitated Diffusion:

A

Passage of small molecules(glucose,amino acids) across the plasma membrane even though they may not be lipid-soluble.

A CARRIER PROTEIN assists movement of molecules DOWN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

NO energy is required

40
Q

Filtration:

A

A pressure gradient pushes solute-containing fluid(filtrate) from area of high pressure to area of low pressure.

41
Q

Cell adhesion molecules(CAMS)

A

Anchor cells to extracellular space and each other.

-used by cells to assist in migration and recruit immune cells to sites of infection/injury.

42
Q

Cytoskeletons:

A

Composed of microtubles, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments.

Functions in maintaining shape of cell and movement of sub cellular structures.

43
Q

Microtubles:

A

Composed of tublin dimers coiled into tubelike structures

44
Q

Intermediate Filaments and Actin Filaments:

A

Have structural roles throughout the cell.

45
Q

Actin filaments:

A

Combine with myosin in muscle cells to enable muscle movement.

46
Q

Rough ER

A

Associated with proteins; transports and/or secrete outside the cell.

47
Q

Smooth ER:

A

Synthesizes phospholipids in all cells.

48
Q

Microbodies:

A

Smaller version of lysosomes with specific enzyme activities.

49
Q

Peroxisomes:

A

Are micro-bodies that contain enzymes for oxidizing certain organic molecules with the release of hydrogen peroxide(breaks down toxins into water and oxygen.

50
Q

Nucleus:

A

Stores genetic information in all eukaryotic cells.

DNA is organized into distinct chromosomes.

51
Q

Within each nucleolus,

A

Ribosomal RNA is produced and joins with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes.

The nucleus is bounded by a porous membrane, the nuclear envelope, which regulates passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus.

52
Q

Cell Cycle: consists of

Describe it

A

Interphase: G1, S, and G2 stages

G1 stage: is a growth(formerly gap) stage during which organelles increase in number to produce enough for two new cells.

S phase - synthesis stage of the cell, when DNA is replicated.

G2 stage: also a growth stage in which metabolism provides new metabolites and energy for the mitosis division.

53
Q

DNA replication________.

A

Carried out by the enzyme DNA Polymerase, as well as some additional protein factors.

54
Q

Gene Expression:

A

DNA is TRANSCRIBED to RNA in the nucleus

Transcription is carried out by a 5’ to 3’ RNA Polymerase, as well as additional protein factors.

The results of these modifications is: mature mRNA.

55
Q

Mature mRNA is

A

translated to protein in the cytoplasm(at the ribosomes)

56
Q

Epithelial Tissue( epithelium):

A

A sheet of cells that lines a body cavity or covers a body surface

57
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue:

Give location and function

A

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and little cytoplasm- scale like cells

Location: in kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, heart lining, blood vessels, lining of the ventral body cavity.

Functions: diffusion and filtration; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

58
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue:

Give location and function.

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells with large spherical nuclei

Locations: in kidney tubules

Functions: secretion and absorption

59
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelial tissue:

A

Single layer of column-shaped cells with oval nuclei, some have cilia or microvilli;

Locations: non-ciliated in most of digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliates in small bronchi, some regions of uterus.

Functions: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes. Ciliates propels mucus, reproductive cells.

60
Q

Pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue:

A

Single layer of mostly column-shaped cells with different heights and nuclei at different levels; some have cilia, may include goblet cells.

Locations: male’s sperm, trachea,

Functions: Absorption, secretion of mucus

61
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue:

A

Multiple layers; basal layer cuboidal or columnar carry out metabolism & mitosis; outer layers are keratinized.

Location: esophagus, mouth & vagina;
Keratinized type forms epidermis of skin.

Functions: protection

62
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue:

Give function and location

A

Several layers - basal layer usually cuboidal

Locations: Penis(male urethra) and some large ducts of glands.

Functions: stretches and dis tends urinary organ.

63
Q

Connective Tissue:

A

Most abundant primary tissue.

-extracellular matrix(collagen or elastin fibers; calcium phosphate(bone)

64
Q

Ground Substance:

A

Fills space between cells and contains fibers

  • composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans.
65
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue:

Give location and function:

A

Has 3 fiber types: fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and some white blood cells.

Locations: under many epithelia(forms lamina propria); around organs and capillaries

Function: Meant to protect and support organs.

66
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue:

A

Closely packed adipocyres(fat cells with large fat droplet)

Locations: under skin, around kidneys & eyeballs, within abdomen , breasts

Functions: provides insulation for the body tissue and a source of stored food.

67
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue:

A

Reticular fiber network in loose ground substance; reticular cells

Location: lymphoid organs

Functions: internal skeleton for support of other cell types

68
Q

tRNA

A

molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome during translation ( a tRNA for each amino acid)

69
Q

rRNA

A

along with proteins comprise the structure of the 2 subunits of the ribosome.

70
Q

Transitional Epithelial tissues

A

Several layers - basal layer usually cuboidal

Locations: Ureters, bladder and part of urethra

Functions: stretches and distends urinary organ.

71
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Reticular fiber network in loose ground substance.

Location: lymphoid organs.

Functions: internal skeleton for support of other cell types.

72
Q

Dense Regular Connective tissue

A

Dense(primarily) parallel collagen fibers, elastin fibers; fibroblasts.

Location: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses.

Functions: muscle to bone of other muscles, attaches bones to bones; withstands high stress.

73
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Irregular shaped collagen fibers, few elastin fibers; fibroblasts.

Location: dermis of skin, digestive sub mucosa, fibrous capsules of organs & joints.

Functions: withstands tension, adds structural strength.

74
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Collagen fibers form glassy(invisible) network; Chondrocytes in lacunae.

Location: embryonic skeleton, covers long bones in joints, costal cartilage of ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea & larynx

75
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage, with elastin fibers in matrix.

Location: external ear(pinna), epiglottis

Functions: maintains shape while adding flexibility

76
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage, less firm with thick collagen fibers in matrix

Location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee joint discs

Function: tensile strength, absorbs shock.

77
Q

Bone tissue

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) & white blood cells (leukocytes) in fluid matrix(plasma)

Location: blood vessels

Function: transports oxygen & carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes & other substances.

78
Q

Nervous Tissue: neurons and supporting cells

A

Location: brain, spinal cord and nerves

Function: transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors.

Biology (24 decks)

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