Biological Diversity Flashcards
Taxonomy:
- Taxa
- Species
- Genus
Organisms are classified into categories called Taxa(singular, Taxon)
A SPECIES name is given a name consisting of GENUS(closely related animal)name and SPECIES name. Domesticated dog is in genus CANIS and name canis familiaris; Wolf is Canis Lupis.
Family:
Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand
Genera that share related features; then species
Systematics: Describe
-Phylogeny
Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms (Phylogeny = evolutionary relationships)
Eukaryotic Cells:
Chromosomes contain long, linear DNA with histone; enclosed in nucleus; organelles; 9+2 microtubule array flagella and cilia.
Prokaryotic Cells: List
What do flagella use to movie
Single chromosome is short, circular DNA with/without histone; may contain PLASMID(small circular DNA molecules); no nucleus; no organelles; flagella consist of chains of FLAGELLIN instead of “9+2” microtubules.
*Flagella use proton motive force to spin and give locomotion in bacteria (electrical gradient!)
Autotrophs:
Phototrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Make their own organic materials;
Phototrophs = uses light
Chemoautotrophs =chemicals such as H2S, NH3, NO2, NO3.
Heterotrophs:Describe
- What are some heterotrophs and saprobes(Saprophytes)
Obtain energy by consuming organic substances produced by autotrophs.
-Some heterotrophs are parasites- obtain energy from the living tissues of a host.
Saprobes/Saprophytes = Obtain their energy from dead, decaying matter= > decomposers
Heterotrophs: Obligate aerobes, anaerobes, and Facultative anaerobe
Obligate Aerobes = must have O2 to live.
Obligate Anaerobes = Must not have O2 to live.
Facultative Anaerobe= Grow in presence of O2, but can switch to anaerobic metabolism when O2 is absence.
Domain Archaea
-What are they?Euk?Prok?
What features do they have?
They are also Prokaryotes but differ.
Archaea cells wall various polysaccharide.
Phospholipid components such as glycerol is different(isomer of either bacteria or eukaryotes)
Hydrocarbon chain is branched (straight chain for others_ and ether-linkages instead of ester-linkages.
Domain Archaea: How are they similar with Eukaryotes?
- ) DNA of both archaea and eukaryotes are associated with histone; not bacterial DNA.
- ) Ribosome activity is not inhibited by antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol unlike bacteria.
Domain Archaea: Some major groups of Archaea:
-Methanogens
Obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 as by-product of obtaining energy from H2 to fix CO2(Mud, guts)
Domain Archaea: Some major groups of Archaea:
- Extremeophiles
Live in extreme environments.
Domain Archaea: Some major groups of Archaea:
-Halophiles
They are salt loving. Living in high salt environment. Most are aerobic and heterotrophic; Others anaerobic and photosynthetic with pigment BACTERIORHODOPSIN.
Domain Archaea: Some major groups of Archaea:
-Thermophiles
Heat loving. They are sulfur-based chemoautotroph.
Domain Bacteria: Five Kingdoms
Cell Wall?
Have histones?
Ribosome activity?
Cell Wall = peptidoglycan(polymer of monosaccharide w amino acid.
- bacterial DNA is not associated w histone;
- Ribosome activity is inhibited by above antibiotics.
Domain Bacteria: Its categorized in 5 ways
- Mode of nutrition
- What do they produce?
- Means of motility?
- Shapes?
- Cell wall? What is gram-positive/negative
1.Categorized by their mode of nutrition
2. Ability to produce ENDOSPORES(resistant bodies that contain DNA and small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by durable wall)
3. Means of motility- Flagella, gliding material
4.Shapes: Cocci(spherical), Bacilli(rod-shaped), Spirilla(spirals)
5. Thick peptidoglycan wall cell(gram-positive)
Thin peptidoglycan covered with lipopolysaccharides(gram-negative)
Domain Bacteria:
-Cyanobacteria, phycobilins, heterocysts
Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic; use chlorophyll to capture light energy, releases O2.
- They contain accessory pigment PHYCOBILINS
- Heterocysts- Produce nitrogen-fixing enzyme into NH3.
Domain Bacteria:
- Chemosynthetic
- Nitrifying Bacteria-“they convert this into that?”
They are autotrophs,
Some of these are NITRIFYING BACTERIA because they convert nitrate (NO2) to nitrate (NO3)
Domain Bacteria:
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
They are heterotrophs that fix N2, lives in nodules of plant (mutualism)
Domain Bacteria:
-Spirochetes:
They are coiled bacteria that move with corkscrew motion, internal flagella between cell wall layers.
Domain Eukarya: Four Kingdoms
-Kingdom Protista: subcategories?
The subcategories are phylum.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
- Euglenoids
* Pellicles
* Photoaxis
One to three flagella at apical(leading) end. Instead of cellulose cell wall, they have thin, protein strips called PELLICLES that wrap over their cell membranes.==> Heterotrophic in absence of light some have EYESPOT that permits PHOTOAXIS(the ability to move in response to light)
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
-Dinoflagellates
Has two flagella. One is posterior, 2nd flagellum is transverse and rests in encircling mid groove perpendicular to 1st flagellum. Some are bioluminescent. Others produce nerve toxin that concentrate in filter-feeding shellfish => Cause illness to human when eaten.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
-Diatoms
Multi/unicellular?
They are unicellular, often characterized by the silica shell.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
- Brown Algae
What are they?
Uni or multicellular?
Multicellular and have flagellated sperm cells (giant seaweed)
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
- Rhodophyta, phycobilins
Uni or multi?
Mobility?
Red algae(red accessory pigments called PHYCOBILINS); multicellular and gametes do not have flagella.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
- Chlorophyta
* Isogamous
* Anisogamous
* Oogamous
* Charophtes
* Protozoa
- Green alga, have both chlorophyll A and B, cellulose cell walls, store energy in starch.
- Some species have ISOGAMOUS gamete(both sperm/egg equal in size and motile)
- Others have ANISOGAMOUS(sperm/egg differ in size)
- OOGAMOUS - large cell remains w the parent and is fertilized by small/motile sperm)
- CHAROPHTES( believed to be ancestor of plants.)
- PROTOZOA - (animal-like) protists are heterotrophs; unicellular eukaryotes.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
Protozoa/animal-like heterotrophs - RHIZOPODA
*Pseudopodia
RHIZOPODA - Amoebas that move by extensions of their cell body called PSEUDOPODIA- encircle food and absorb it by phagocytosis.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
Protozoa/animal-like heterotrophs :- FORMANIFERA aka forams
Have tests usually made of calcium carbonate=> oil deposits.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
Protozoa/animal-like heterotrophs - APICOMPLEXANS
*Apical Complex
* Motility? How does it form?
*What is malaria caused by?They are parasites of animals. They are characterized by an APICAL COMPLEX, a complex of organelles located at an end(apex) of the cell.
- No physical motility; form spores which are dispersed by hosts that complete their life cycle.
Malaria is cause by SPOROZOAN
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
Protozoa/animal-like heterotrophs - CILIATES:
*paramecium
Used cilia for moving and other functions; mouths, pores, contractile vacuoles, two kinds of nuclei(large macronucleus and several small nuclei) most complex of all cells => paramecium.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
Protozoa/animal-like heterotrophs - CILIATES:
What do they resemble? Uni/ or multicellular?
Genus of protozoa, shapeless unicellular.
FUNGUS-LIKE protists resemble fungi(form filaments/spore-beating bodies)
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
FUNGUS-LIKE protists resemble fungi(form filaments/spore-beating bodies): CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
* Amoebas
* Slug
* cyclic AMP
Funguslike and protozoalike characteristics; Spores germinate into AMOEBAs which feed on bacteria;
when no food, amoebas aggregates into single unit SLUG(individ. cells of slug mobilize into stalk with capsule at top to release spores => germinate and repeat cycle;
The stimulus for aggregation is “cyclic AMP” which is secreted by the amoebas that experience food deprivation first.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
FUNGUS-LIKE protists resemble fungi(form filaments/spore-beating bodies) : PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
*plasmodium
Grow as a single, spreading mass( PLASMODIUM) which feeds on decaying vegetation;
When there is no food => Stalks stalks bearing spore capsules form => haploid spores released from capsule germinate into haploid amoeboid/flagellated cells, fuse to form diploid cells => grow into plasmodium; no mutualistic with other.
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista
FUNGUS-LIKE protists- Oomycota
* Hyphae/septa
* Coenocytric
Water molds, white rusts. They are either parasites or saprobes(gets nutrition from nonliving/decaying organic matter)
-Forms filaments (hyphae) which secret enzymes that digest surrounding substances like fungi.
HYPHAE lacks SEPTA(or cross walls) which is in many of true fungi partition the filaments into compartments.
-Coenocytic= Lack septa, containing many nuclei within a single cell; cell walls are made of cellulose rather than chitlin of fungi.
Kingdom Fungi: How do they grow?
- hyphae
- Mycellium
- Septum
- Chitlin
- What are they?
- Haustoria
- fungi grow as filaments (HYPHAE)
- MYCELLIUM is a mass of hyphae
- Some fungi have a SEPTUM which divide filament into compartments containing single nucleus.
- Cell walls contain CHITLIN(N-containing polysaccharide)
- Fungi are either parasites/saprobes(decomposer) absorbing food products due to digestive enzymes.
- Parasitic Fungi have hyphae (HAUSTORIA) that penetrate host.
Kingdom Fungi: Stages of Sexual Reproduction
- Plasmogamy:
- Dikaryon.
This is fusing of cells from two different fungal strains to produce a single cell w/ nuclei from both strains.
A pair of haploid nuclei, one each strain is called DIKARYON. Dikaryotic hypha is hypha containing dikaryon.
Kingdom Fungi: Stages of Sexual Reproduction
-Karyogamy
Fusing 2 haploid nuclei of a dikaryon to form single diploid nucleus.
