Chemistry Flashcards
What are anti-bumping granules used for?
They are used in a distillation apparatus to prevent the water from boiling out of the beaker.
What is fractional distillation?
A type of distillation that separates the molecules in the crude oil mixture according to their different boiling points.
What is a pure substance?
A single element or compound not mixed with any other substance.
What is distillation?
A method of separating liquids having boiling points that differ by at least 50 degrees.
What type of melting and boiling points do metals have?
High ones. Transition metals typically have the highest temperatures.
What are some properties of metals?
- The best thermal conductivity
- Very good electrical conductors (copper, silver, and gold are the best)
- Very malleable
- Very ductile (can be hammered into thin sheets or stretched into wire without breaking)
What is the structure of atoms in a pure metal?
A giant structure of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. Lots of delocalized electrons floating about that are shared between all the other atoms in the metal. These delocalized electrons are why metals are so conductive.
What is an alloy?
A mixture of chemical elements where the primary component is a metal.
What is bronze made of?
copper + tin
What is brass made of?
copper + zinc
What is sterling silver made of?
silver + copper
What is white gold made of?
Gold + silver + nickel
What is rose gold made of?
gold + copper
What is amalgam made of?
mercury+ silver + tin + copper
What is cast iron made of?
iron + 4% carbon
It is very brittle as the carbon atoms disrupt the regular pattern of the iron atoms making it easier to break.
What is wrought iron made of?
Mostly iron, very close to pure iron
Soft + malleable
What is steel made of?
carbon + iron
What is in low-carbon steel?
<0.25% carbon
used in nails, ships, cars
can rust
What is in high-carbon steel?
0.5-1.5% carbon
used in cutting + factory tools
can rust, stronger but more brittle
What is in stainless steel?
iron + chromium + nickel + a little bit of carbon
does not rust
What is in manganese steel?
iron +15% manganese
used in railroad tracks
very strong
What is in titanium steel?
iron + titanium + nickel + chromium + carbon
used in aerospace industry, medical field (artificial joints/bones)
temperature resistant, less dense
What is the reactivity series?
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ag, Au
Say this statement about metals high in the reactivity series.
Metals that are higher in the reactivity series can displace lower metals from their salts, forming a new salt and new pure metal. The more reactive metal has a tendency to form ions.
Say this statement about metals lower in the reactivity series.
Metals that are lower in the reactivity series cannot displace metals that are higher in reactivity from their salts.
What is an ore?
A rock that contains a high percentage of a mineral.
What are some typical ores?
Metal oxides, metal sulfides and metal carbonates.
What is the ore that iron comes from?
Haematite.
What is the formula for iron (III) oxide?
Fe2O3
What is step 1 to extract iron from haematite?
Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to make carbon dioxide and heat.
C + O2 -> CO2
What is step 2 to extract iron from haematite?
More coke is added and it reacts with the carbon dioxide to make carbon monoxide.
C + CO2 -> 2CO
What is step 3 to extract iron from haematite?
Iron (III) oxide is reduced.
Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2
What is step 4 to extract iron from haematite?
The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. The calcium oxide reacts with silica (sand) impurities in the haematite, to produce slag (calcium silicate). This is a neutralisation reaction. Calcium oxide is basic and silica is acidic.
CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 -> CaSiO3
What is aluminium ore called?
Bauxite.
What is the process to extract aluminium ore called?
Electrolysis.
What is aluminium used in?
Aircraft parts and food containers.
What is galvanisation?
Adding a coating of zinc to prevent rusting and offer protection. Typically iron and steel.
It develops a protective patina.
