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Science Revision > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are anti-bumping granules used for?

A

They are used in a distillation apparatus to prevent the water from boiling out of the beaker.

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2
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A type of distillation that separates the molecules in the crude oil mixture according to their different boiling points.

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3
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A single element or compound not mixed with any other substance.

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4
Q

What is distillation?

A

A method of separating liquids having boiling points that differ by at least 50 degrees.

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5
Q

What type of melting and boiling points do metals have?

A

High ones. Transition metals typically have the highest temperatures.

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6
Q

What are some properties of metals?

A
  • The best thermal conductivity
  • Very good electrical conductors (copper, silver, and gold are the best)
  • Very malleable
  • Very ductile (can be hammered into thin sheets or stretched into wire without breaking)
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7
Q

What is the structure of atoms in a pure metal?

A

A giant structure of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. Lots of delocalized electrons floating about that are shared between all the other atoms in the metal. These delocalized electrons are why metals are so conductive.

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8
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of chemical elements where the primary component is a metal.

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9
Q

What is bronze made of?

A

copper + tin

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10
Q

What is brass made of?

A

copper + zinc

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11
Q

What is sterling silver made of?

A

silver + copper

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12
Q

What is white gold made of?

A

Gold + silver + nickel

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13
Q

What is rose gold made of?

A

gold + copper

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14
Q

What is amalgam made of?

A

mercury+ silver + tin + copper

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15
Q

What is cast iron made of?

A

iron + 4% carbon
It is very brittle as the carbon atoms disrupt the regular pattern of the iron atoms making it easier to break.

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16
Q

What is wrought iron made of?

A

Mostly iron, very close to pure iron
Soft + malleable

17
Q

What is steel made of?

A

carbon + iron

18
Q

What is in low-carbon steel?

A

<0.25% carbon
used in nails, ships, cars
can rust

19
Q

What is in high-carbon steel?

A

0.5-1.5% carbon
used in cutting + factory tools
can rust, stronger but more brittle

20
Q

What is in stainless steel?

A

iron + chromium + nickel + a little bit of carbon
does not rust

21
Q

What is in manganese steel?

A

iron +15% manganese
used in railroad tracks
very strong

22
Q

What is in titanium steel?

A

iron + titanium + nickel + chromium + carbon
used in aerospace industry, medical field (artificial joints/bones)
temperature resistant, less dense

23
Q

What is the reactivity series?

A

K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ag, Au

24
Q

Say this statement about metals high in the reactivity series.

A

Metals that are higher in the reactivity series can displace lower metals from their salts, forming a new salt and new pure metal. The more reactive metal has a tendency to form ions.

25
Q

Say this statement about metals lower in the reactivity series.

A

Metals that are lower in the reactivity series cannot displace metals that are higher in reactivity from their salts.

26
Q

What is an ore?

A

A rock that contains a high percentage of a mineral.

27
Q

What are some typical ores?

A

Metal oxides, metal sulfides and metal carbonates.

28
Q

What is the ore that iron comes from?

A

Haematite.

29
Q

What is the formula for iron (III) oxide?

A

Fe2O3

30
Q

What is step 1 to extract iron from haematite?

A

Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to make carbon dioxide and heat.
C + O2 -> CO2

31
Q

What is step 2 to extract iron from haematite?

A

More coke is added and it reacts with the carbon dioxide to make carbon monoxide.
C + CO2 -> 2CO

32
Q

What is step 3 to extract iron from haematite?

A

Iron (III) oxide is reduced.
Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2

33
Q

What is step 4 to extract iron from haematite?

A

The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. The calcium oxide reacts with silica (sand) impurities in the haematite, to produce slag (calcium silicate). This is a neutralisation reaction. Calcium oxide is basic and silica is acidic.
CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 -> CaSiO3

34
Q

What is aluminium ore called?

A

Bauxite.

35
Q

What is the process to extract aluminium ore called?

A

Electrolysis.

36
Q

What is aluminium used in?

A

Aircraft parts and food containers.

37
Q

What is galvanisation?

A

Adding a coating of zinc to prevent rusting and offer protection. Typically iron and steel.
It develops a protective patina.

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