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Science Revision > B10 - Reproduction > Flashcards

B10 - Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define asexual reproduction.

A

A process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.

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2
Q

Define sexual reproduction.

A

A process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other.

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3
Q

What are three advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • fast
  • only one organism needed
  • less energy required/no gametes needed
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4
Q

What are three disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • little/no variation
  • one disease could wipe out total population
  • less evolution/less able to adapt to change
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5
Q

What type of cells are gametes?

A

Haploid

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6
Q

What type of cell is a zygote?

A

Diploid

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7
Q

Name the three main features of an egg cell.

A

Jelly coat
Haploid nucleus
Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Name the four main features of a sperm cell.

A

Acrosome
Haploid Nucleus
Mitochondria
Flagellum

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9
Q

What is the site of production for the male and female gametes in humans?

A

Female: ovaries
Male: testes

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10
Q

What are the adaptive features of the flagellum? [2]

A
  • Gives the sperm the ability to swim towards the egg
  • Receives energy produced by the mitochondria to move.
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11
Q

What are the adaptive features of the acrosome? [3]

A
  • Essential for gamete fusion
  • Contains high amounts of acrosin
  • The enzymes in the acrosome will penetrate the egg jelly coat
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12
Q

What are the adaptive features of the food energy stores in the egg? [3]

A
  • The food energy stores are contained in the cytoplasm in the form of yolk
  • This yolk is rich in lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides
  • The energy stores are for the initial development of the embryo
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13
Q

What are the adaptive features of the jelly coat? [2]

A
  • It prevents too many sperm from getting to the egg at the same time
  • Once fertilised, the jelly coat hardens to prevent other sperm from fertilising the egg.
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14
Q

What are three advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • variation
  • evolution/formation of new species
  • colonization/able to adapt to change
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15
Q

What are three disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • slower process
  • requires partner/two parents
  • less energy efficient/requires more energy
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16
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

Opens into the sperm duct and produces seminal fluid.

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17
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Opens into the urethra and produces an alkaline fluid which neutralises vaginal mucus.

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18
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

From the testes, opens into urethra.
Carries sperm by muscular contractions during ejaculation.

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19
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Passes down penis, both sperm and urine pass through it.

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20
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Inserted into the vagina during sexual intercourse.

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21
Q

What is the function of the epididymus?

A

Leads to sperm duct.

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22
Q

What is the function of the testes/testis?

A

Bundle of sperm-producing tubules which join and lead to the epididymus.

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23
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Sac of skin = holds testes outside the body.

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24
Q

Why is the scrotum outside the body?

A

So that the testes can be kept at the optimum temperature for producing sperm which is lower than the temperature inside the body.

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25
Q

What is the name of the narrow tube between the ovary and the uterus that has funnel shaped finger-like structures at the ovary end and its muscular walls have cilia and carry out peristalsis?

A

Oviduct.

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26
Q

What is the function of the oviduct?

A

Transfers the egg to the uterus.
Site of fertilisation.

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27
Q

What is the structure that can grow from the size of a pear to the size of a watermelon during pregnancy and has thick muscular walls?

A

Uterus.

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28
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Where the foetus develops during pregnancy.
Wall muscles contract during labor to dilate the cervix and push the baby out of the vagina.

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29
Q

What is the structure that is a cylinder shape of muscular tissue between the uterus and the vagina?

A

Cervix.

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30
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Ring of muscle forming the neck of the uterus.
Dilates during labour.

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31
Q

What is the name of the structure that is an elastic, muscular canal at a 45 degree angle pointing backwards and has mucus producing walls?

A

Vagina.

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32
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Receives penis during sexual intercourse.
Semen is deposited at the top of this structure in sexual intercourse.

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33
Q

What is the name of the structure that consists of spongy tissue and blood vessels and is connected to the uterus muscle wall?

A

Uterus lining.

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34
Q

What is the function of the uterus lining?

A

Receives the embryo during implantation.
Repaired by the sex hormone oestrogen and thickened by the sex hormone progesterone during the 28 day menstrual cycle.
Shed/lost during menstruation.

35
Q

What is the name of the oval structure which is approximately 4cm in size and contains up to 1 million oocytes (immature eggs) at birth?

A

Ovary.

36
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Releases one egg (containing the female gamete) per 28 days (from puberty to menopause).
Produces the female sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone.

37
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg/ovum) to form a zygote (fertilised egg).

38
Q

Compare the size of male and female gametes in humans.

A

Female: About 0.1mm in diameter
Male: About 0.05mm in length

39
Q

Compare motility of male and female gametes in humans.

A

Female: Cannot move independently
Male: Can move independently due to the flagellum

40
Q

Compare relative numbers produced per unit time for male and female gametes in humans.

A

Female: 100,000 present at puberty. 1 released each month.
Male: About 300 million produced every day.

41
Q

Describe what happens in stage 1 of the menstrual cycle (menstruation).

A

Day 1 - 4/5: Uterus lining breaks down and is shed. Fragments of tissue and blood vessels leave the body through the vagina. This is caused by a decrease in progesterone.

42
Q

Describe what happens in stage 2 of the menstrual cycle (repair phase).

A

Day 4/5 - 14: The uterus lining builds up into a spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg. This is triggered by an increase in oestrogen.

43
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14.

44
Q

Where is the egg released from during ovulation?

A

Follicle in the ovary.

45
Q

What happens to the follicle after it releases an egg?

A

It develops into a corpus luteum.

46
Q

What is the difference between oestrogen and progeterone?

A

Oestrogen - repairs the uterus lining to normal levels.
Progesterone - builds up the lining to prepare for implantation and pregnancy.

47
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilised ovum/egg.

48
Q

What is the function of the placenta? [5]

A
  • Exhange of soluble materials such as foods, oxygen, and wastes between mother and foetus.
  • Physical attachment of the fetus to the wall of uterus.
  • Protection of fetus from mother’s immune system.
  • Protection of fetus against dangerous fluctuations in mother’s blood pressure.
  • Secretion of hormones that mainting the lining of the uterus.
49
Q

What is the amnion?

A

The membrane that encloses the amniotic fluid. This is ruptured just before birth.

50
Q

What is the amniotic fluid?

A

Protects the fetus against:
- Mechanical shock
- Drying out
- Temperature fluctuations

51
Q

What does the umbilical cord contain?

A

Umbilical artery
Umbilical vein

52
Q

What does the umbilical artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood containing wastes such as urea away from fetus to placenta.

53
Q

What does the umbilical vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood cleared of wastes from placenta to fetus. Blood contains a high concentration of soluble foods such as glucose, amino acids, and iron.

54
Q

What dose HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

55
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Through bodily fluids such as blood and semen.

56
Q

What does untreated HIV lead to?

A

AIDS - Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

57
Q

What is AIDS?

A

When the infected person’s immune system deteriorates and eventually fails - because of this the person becomes very vulnerable to infections by other pathogens.

58
Q

What are four ways HIV can be transferred?

A
  1. Unprotected sex with an infected person
  2. Contact with an infected person’s blood (blood transfusions)
  3. From infected mother to child, during pregnancy or childbirth
  4. Sharing syringes while infecting drugs
59
Q

What are some ways to control the transmission of HIV?

A
  1. Reduce the number of sexual partners
  2. Get tested regularly
  3. Use a condom
  4. Screen blood for HIV before blood transfusions
60
Q

What is the name of all the female reproductive parts in a plant?

A

Carpel (stigma, style, ovary)

61
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

Receives pollen.

62
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

Connects the stigma to the ovary.
Pollen tube grows down it.

63
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Produce ovules by meiosis, site of fertilisation, seeds develop here, develops into fruit.

64
Q

What is the name of all the male reproductive parts in a plant?

A

Stamen (anther, filament).

65
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

Holds up the anther.

66
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

Produces pollen (pollen contains male gametes).

67
Q

What is the function of the ovules?

A

Contains female gamete, if fertilised will develop into a seed.

68
Q

What is the function of the nectary?

A

Produces sugary nectar to attract insects for pollination.

69
Q

What is the function of the petals?

A

Attracts insects for pollination by its scent, color, and honey guidelines.

70
Q

What is the function of the sepal?

A

Protects flower in bud.

71
Q

Compare insect pollinated and wind pollinated flower petals.

A

Insect pollinated: large, brightly -colored, scented, nectaries, honey guidelines
Wind pollinated: Small, green, no nectary, no scent.
Reason: Insects need to be attracted to the insect pollinated flowers.

72
Q

Compare anthers in insect pollinated and wind pollinated flowers.

A

Insect pollinated: Inside the flower, stiff, firmly attached.
Wind pollinated: Dangle outside the flower on long, loose filaments.
Reason: It’s easier for wind to brush pollen off dangly anthers.

73
Q

Compare pollen in insect pollinated and wind pollinated flowers.

A

Insect pollinated: Small amounts, large, sticky.
Wind pollinated: Large amounts, light, smooth.
Reason: Sticky grains attach to insects. More grains mean higher chance of wind pollination.

74
Q

Compare stigmas in insect pollinated and wind pollinated flowers.

A

Insect pollinated: Inside the flower, flat/lobe shaped.
Wind pollinated: Long, feathery, hangs outside the flower.
Reason: Feathery stigmas form a net to catch pollen.

75
Q

Define germination.

A

A seed growing into a young plant.

76
Q

Define pollination.

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

77
Q

Why is it important that seeds are dispersed away from the parent plant?

A

To colonise new areas.
They don’t have to compete for light, space, or water with the parent plant and each other.

78
Q

What three things are needed for germination?

A

Oxygen, water, a suitable temperature.

79
Q

Why is water needed for germination?

A

It is absorbed into the cell and splits the testa.
Also activates enzymes.

80
Q

How can you control water in a germination investigation?

A

Add a known volume of boiled and cooled water.
OR
No water.

81
Q

Why is oxygen needed for germination?

A

Aerobic respiration (energy needed for growth).

82
Q

How can you control oxygen in a germination investigation?

A

Open tube.
OR
Boiled and cooled water + a layer of oil (1cm3) covering the seeds.

83
Q

Why is a suitable temperature needed for germination?

A

Optimum temperature for enzymes.

84
Q

How can you control a suitable temperature in germination?

A

Water bath/incubator.
OR
Fridge.

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