B8 - Gas exchange and Respiration

Question 1

What are the features of gas exchange surfaces?

Answer 1

Large surface area, thin surface, good blood supply, good ventilation with air.

Question 2

What is the aerobic respiration word equation?

Answer 2

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+2880J)

Question 3

What is respiration?

Answer 3

The process of transferring energy from the breakdown of nutrient molecules. It goes on in every cell in your body continuously.

Question 4

What are the two types of respiration?

Answer 4

Aerobic and anaerobic.

Question 5

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 5

Aerobic uses oxygen and anaerobic doesn’t.

Question 6

How do humans use the energy transferred by respiration?

Answer 6

1) To allow the muscles to contract.
2) To build proteins from amino acids in protein synthesis.
3) For cell division.
4) To move molecules by active transport.
5) So that we can grow.
6) For passing nerve impulses along neurones.
7) To maintain a constant body temperature.

Question 7

What is the equation for respiration in yeast?

Answer 7

glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy

Question 8

What is respiration in yeast also known as?

Answer 8

Alcoholic fermentation.

Question 9

What causes bread to rise?

Answer 9

When yeast does anaerobic respiration it produces carbon dioxide bubbles in the bread to expand and rise.

Question 10

What liquid can test for the presence of carbon dioxide?

Answer 10

Limewater.
Carbon dioxide is present = cloudy liquid

Question 11

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

Answer 11

glucose -> lactic acid

Question 12

What happens when respire anaerobically and stop exercising?

Answer 12

You have an ‘oxygen debt’. This is the amount of extra oxygen your body needs to get rid of the lactic acid.

Question 13

What is the larynx and what is its function?

Answer 13

The voice box. Air passes through here during breathing. Cords vibrate when air is breathed out and create sound.

Question 14

What is the trachea and what is its function?

Answer 14

A tube that carries air towards the lungs. Cartilage rings prevent it from collapsing.

Question 15

What are the bronchi?

Answer 15

First branch from the trachea. One to each lung.

Question 16

What is a bronchiole?

Answer 16

Final, very fine branch leading into the alveolus.

Question 17

What are the alveoli (air sacs)?

Answer 17

Lined by the membrane where gas exchange takes place. The surface is moist, thin, and has an enormous area.

Question 18

What is the branch of pulmonary artery?

Answer 18

Delivers deoxygenated blood at high pressure from the right ventricle of the heart.

Question 19

What is the branch of pulmonary vein?

Answer 19

Returns oxygenated blood to the heart for pumping out to the tissues.

Question 20

What is a goblet cell?

Answer 20

A cell that produces sticky mucus and releases it onto the surface of the cells. They line the bronchial tree.

Question 21

What are cilia?

Answer 21

Fine ‘hairs’ on the surface of a cell. These can beat in a coordinated way to carry mucus (with trapped microbes and dust) away from the lung surfaces.

Question 22

What protects the lungs?

Answer 22

The ribs.

Question 23

What muscles are between the ribs?

Answer 23

The intercostal moscles.

Question 24

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 24

A muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen. Moves up and down when you inhale and exhale to increase volume.

Question 25

What are the alveoli covered in?

Answer 25

Blood capillaries.

Question 26

Describe Nicotine and the effects it has on the body.

Answer 26

Found in cigarettes.
Absorbed through alveoli into the bloodstream.
Stimulant makes the heart beat faster.
Narrows arterioles.
These things lead to higher blood pressure which leads to heart disease.
It also thickens the blood which becomes sticky.
This can cause blood clots which can cause a stroke/heart attack.

Question 27

Describe tar and the effects it has on the body.

Answer 27

Found in cigarettes.
Black sticky substance that collects in the lungs as smoke cools.
Can lead to emphysema.
Contains carcinogenic chemicals that can lead to lung cancer.
Irritates the lungs and damages cilia which can cause smoker’s cough which can lead to bronchitis.

Question 28

Describe carbon monoxide and the effects it has on the body.

Answer 28

It is found in cigarettes.
It is a poisonous gas and absorbs and combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells to reduce oxygen carried by blood.
This can cause heart muscle damage which can lead to a heart attack.
Allows less oxygen to foetus if smoking during pregnancy.
Can cause a lower birthweight baby and a premature baby.

Question 29

Describe smoke particles and the effect they have on the body.

Answer 29

Accumulate in the lungs and they are an irritant. This can cause phlegm (mucus, bacteria, white blood cells).

Question 30

What does bronchitis do?

Answer 30

Cilia destroyed
More mucus produced
Infected mucus in bronchi causes phlegm
Bronchi blocked
Persistent cough

Question 31

What does emphysema do?

Answer 31

Alveoli burst/loss of alveoli
Less surface area for gas exchange
Breathlessness

Question 32

What does lung cancer do?

Answer 32

Tumour develops
Blocks airways/blocks blood vessels
May spread into other organs

Question 33

What does coronary heart disease do?

Answer 33

Fat accumulates in coronary artery narrowing it
Blood clots form which block the narrowed artery carrying blood to the heart
Lack of oxygen to the hear damages the heart muscle: heart attack risk increases