B6 - Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ingestion.

A

The taking in of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth.

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2
Q

Define digestion.

A

The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes.

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3
Q

Define mechanical digestion.

A

The breakdown of food into smaller pieces withouht chemical change to the food molecules.

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4
Q

Define chemical digestion.

A

The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules.

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5
Q

Define absorption.

A

Movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood.

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6
Q

Define assimilation.

A

The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.

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7
Q

Define egestion.

A

Passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus.

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8
Q

Define malnutrition.

A

Poor nutrition. Can be overnutrition or undernutrition.

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9
Q

Name two diseases that can come from overnutrition.

A

Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease.

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10
Q

What are the two types of protein deficiency?

A

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.

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11
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

When a child has a poor diet in protein and the mental and physical development of the child may be impaired. Signs of this include a swollen abdomen. Children are often lethargic.

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12
Q

What is marasmus?

A

A general nutrient deficiency. All the body tissues waste away and the child is left very thin. The child is also alert and irritable.

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13
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A diet that provides all the nutrients, in the correct amounts, needed to carry out life processes.

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14
Q

What are the seven essential nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water.

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15
Q

Name four factors that affect energy requirements?

A

Activity level
Age
Gender
Pregnancy

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16
Q

Name the function and source of carbs.

A

Provides energy.
Pasta, rice, sugar.

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17
Q

Name the function and source of fats.

A

Provides energy, acts as an energy store, insulation, protection of the organs.
Butter, oily fish.

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18
Q

Name the function and source of proteins.

A

Growth and repair of tissue and energy in emergencies.
Meat, fish, beans.

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19
Q

Name the function and source of Vitamin C.

A

Needed for tissue repair, immune system, and prevents scurvy.
Fruit (oranges)

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20
Q

Name the function and source of Vitamin D.

A

Needed for calcium absorption.
Eggs, oily fish.

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21
Q

Name the function and source of calcium.

A

Needed to make bones and teeth.
Milk, cheese.

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22
Q

Name the function and source of Iron.

A

Needed to make haemaglobin for healthy blood.
Red meat, beans.

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23
Q

Name the function and source of water.

A

Basically everything.
Food and drink.

24
Q

Name the function and source of fibre.

A

Aids the movement of food through the gut (peristalsis).
Wholemeal bread, fruit.

25
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

The energy consumed in one day by the processes required to stay alive.

26
Q

What disease is the sympton of Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy.

27
Q

What disease is the sympton of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets - bones are sof and may bend.

28
Q

What disease is the sympton of Iron deficiency?

A

Anaemia.

29
Q

What is the sympton of fibre deficiency?

A

Constipation.

30
Q

What is the formula for food energy?

A

Mass of H20 heated (g) x 4.2 x Mean rise in water temp (*C)/ Mean mass of food that burned (g) x 1000

31
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Joules.

32
Q

What is protein built of?

A

Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

33
Q

What enzyme breaks down starch into maltose sugar?

A

Amylase.

34
Q

What do monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide mean?

A

Having one (mono) or two (di) or many (poly) glucose units.

35
Q

What do lipids include?

A

fats and oils.

36
Q

What is the structure of lipids?

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids.

37
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars and what indicates a positive result?

A

Benedicts solution that is heated with the solution.
Blue -> reddish/brown indicates glucose is present.

38
Q

What is the test for starch and what indicates a positive result?

A

Iodine. Red/brown -> blue/black

39
Q

What is the test for protein and what indicates a positive result?

A

Biuret. Blue -> purple/mauve.

40
Q

What is the test for lipids and what indicates a positive result?

A

Add ethanol to mixture and shake. Add a few drops of water. If a white emulsion is present that means lipid is present.

41
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

A muscular tube which helps food move to the stomach by peristalsis.

42
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

Three pairs, produce saliva.

43
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Food enters the alimentary canal and is converted to a bolus of food.

44
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produces bile which helps to neutralise acidic chyme and emulsifies fats.

45
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Muscular bag which stores food (for a short time) and mixes food with acidic digestive juices to form chyme.

46
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Stores bile before pouring it into the duodenum through the bile duct.

47
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

First part of the small intestine where semi-liquid food is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile.

48
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Longest part of the small intestine where digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymphatic system.

49
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

The colon reabsorbs water from gut contents and absorbs some vitamins and minerals.

50
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Produces pancreatic juice which is poured into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct.

51
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Stores faeces.

52
Q

What is the function of the anus?

A

Exit for faeces.

53
Q

What is the enzyme for protein?

A

Protease.

54
Q

Name the six parts of the teeth.

A

Enamel, cement, dentine, gum, periodontal membrane, pulp cavity.

55
Q

Name the four types of teeth.

A

Incisor, canine, premolar, molar.

56
Q
A