B6 - Animal Nutrition Flashcards
Define ingestion.
The taking in of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth.
Define digestion.
The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes.
Define mechanical digestion.
The breakdown of food into smaller pieces withouht chemical change to the food molecules.
Define chemical digestion.
The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules.
Define absorption.
Movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood.
Define assimilation.
The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.
Define egestion.
Passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus.
Define malnutrition.
Poor nutrition. Can be overnutrition or undernutrition.
Name two diseases that can come from overnutrition.
Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease.
What are the two types of protein deficiency?
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
What is kwashiorkor?
When a child has a poor diet in protein and the mental and physical development of the child may be impaired. Signs of this include a swollen abdomen. Children are often lethargic.
What is marasmus?
A general nutrient deficiency. All the body tissues waste away and the child is left very thin. The child is also alert and irritable.
What is a balanced diet?
A diet that provides all the nutrients, in the correct amounts, needed to carry out life processes.
What are the seven essential nutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water.
Name four factors that affect energy requirements?
Activity level
Age
Gender
Pregnancy
Name the function and source of carbs.
Provides energy.
Pasta, rice, sugar.
Name the function and source of fats.
Provides energy, acts as an energy store, insulation, protection of the organs.
Butter, oily fish.
Name the function and source of proteins.
Growth and repair of tissue and energy in emergencies.
Meat, fish, beans.
Name the function and source of Vitamin C.
Needed for tissue repair, immune system, and prevents scurvy.
Fruit (oranges)
Name the function and source of Vitamin D.
Needed for calcium absorption.
Eggs, oily fish.
Name the function and source of calcium.
Needed to make bones and teeth.
Milk, cheese.
Name the function and source of Iron.
Needed to make haemaglobin for healthy blood.
Red meat, beans.
Name the function and source of water.
Basically everything.
Food and drink.
Name the function and source of fibre.
Aids the movement of food through the gut (peristalsis).
Wholemeal bread, fruit.
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
The energy consumed in one day by the processes required to stay alive.
What disease is the sympton of Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy.
What disease is the sympton of Vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets - bones are sof and may bend.
What disease is the sympton of Iron deficiency?
Anaemia.
What is the sympton of fibre deficiency?
Constipation.
What is the formula for food energy?
Mass of H20 heated (g) x 4.2 x Mean rise in water temp (*C)/ Mean mass of food that burned (g) x 1000
What is energy measured in?
Joules.
What is protein built of?
Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
What enzyme breaks down starch into maltose sugar?
Amylase.
What do monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide mean?
Having one (mono) or two (di) or many (poly) glucose units.
What do lipids include?
fats and oils.
What is the structure of lipids?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
What is the test for reducing sugars and what indicates a positive result?
Benedicts solution that is heated with the solution.
Blue -> reddish/brown indicates glucose is present.
What is the test for starch and what indicates a positive result?
Iodine. Red/brown -> blue/black
What is the test for protein and what indicates a positive result?
Biuret. Blue -> purple/mauve.
What is the test for lipids and what indicates a positive result?
Add ethanol to mixture and shake. Add a few drops of water. If a white emulsion is present that means lipid is present.
What is the function of the oesophagus?
A muscular tube which helps food move to the stomach by peristalsis.
What is the function of the salivary glands?
Three pairs, produce saliva.
What is the function of the mouth?
Food enters the alimentary canal and is converted to a bolus of food.
What is the function of the liver?
Produces bile which helps to neutralise acidic chyme and emulsifies fats.
What is the function of the stomach?
Muscular bag which stores food (for a short time) and mixes food with acidic digestive juices to form chyme.
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Stores bile before pouring it into the duodenum through the bile duct.
What is the function of the duodenum?
First part of the small intestine where semi-liquid food is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile.
What is the function of the ileum?
Longest part of the small intestine where digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymphatic system.
What is the function of the large intestine?
The colon reabsorbs water from gut contents and absorbs some vitamins and minerals.
What is the function of the pancreas?
Produces pancreatic juice which is poured into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct.
What is the function of the rectum?
Stores faeces.
What is the function of the anus?
Exit for faeces.
What is the enzyme for protein?
Protease.
Name the six parts of the teeth.
Enamel, cement, dentine, gum, periodontal membrane, pulp cavity.
Name the four types of teeth.
Incisor, canine, premolar, molar.
