Chemical Coordination and Integration last 10 years Flashcards
- Hormones stored and released from neurohypophysis are: (2020-Covid)
a. Oxytocin and Vasopressin
b. Follicle stimulating hormone and Leutinizing hormone
c. Prolactin and Vasopressin
d. Thyroid stimulating hormone and oxytocin
Page number - 241
a. Oxytocin and Vasopressin
NCERT
Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) also known as
posterior pituitary, stores and releases two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin, which are actually synthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis.
Summary of NCERT (250)
Pars nervosa (neurohypophysis) secretes two hormones.
1. Oxytocin
2. Vasopressin
REMEMBER
Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)
- Posterior pituitary
- Store and release two hormones
1. Oxytocin
2. Vasopressin - Synthesised by the hypothalamus and
are transported axonally to neurohypophysis.
- Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults does not cause further increase in height, because
[OS] (2017-Delhi)
a. Growth hormone becomes inactive in adults
b. Epiphyseal plates close after adolescence
c. Bones loose their sensitivity to growth hormone in adults
d. Muscle fibres do not grow in size after birth
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b. Epiphyseal plates close after adolescence
NCERT - couldn’t find it
- GnRH, a hypothalamic hormone, needed in reproduction, acts on (2017-Delhi)
a. Anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of LH and oxytocin
b. Anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
c. Posterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of oxytocin and FSH
d. Posterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of LH and relaxin
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b. Anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of
LH and FSH
NCERT
A hypothalamic hormone called Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins. (240)
The pars distalis region of pituitary,
commonly called anterior pituitary, produces
1. growth hormone (GH),
2. prolactin (PRL),
3. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
4. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
5. luteinizing hormone (LH) and
6. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). (241)
LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called gonadotrophins. (241)
REMEMBER
GnRH (hypothalamic hormone) stimulates the
pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins
Pars distalis region of pituitary (anterior pituitary) produces
1. growth hormone (GH),
2. prolactin (PRL),
3. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
4. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
5. luteinizing hormone (LH) and
6. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
LH and FSH stimulate gonadal activity = gonadotrophins.
- The posterior pituitary gland is not a ‘true’ endocrine gland because: (2016 - II)
a. It is under the regulation of hypothalamus
b. It secretes enzymes
c. It is provided with a duct
d. It only stores and releases hormones
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d. It only stores and releases hormones
NCERT - couldn’t find it
- Which one of the following hormones though synthesized elsewhere is stored and released by the master gland? (2015 Re)
a. Luteinising hormone
b. Prolactin
c. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
d. Antidiuretic hormone
Page number - 240 / 241 / 242
Pituitary gland - master gland
d. Antidiuretic hormone
NCERT
However, the hormones produced by hypothalamus are of two types, the releasing hormones
(which stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones) and
the inhibiting hormones
(which inhibit secretions of pituitary hormones).
For example a hypothalamic hormone called Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins. - 240
Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) also known as posterior pituitary, stores and releases two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin, which are actually synthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis. - 241
Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is also called as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). - 242
REMEMBER - KEY (IN CONCLUSION)
Vasopressin, which are actually synthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis
Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and
stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the
distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water
through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is also called as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- Which of the following are not the effects of Parathyroid hormone? (2022)
A. Stimulates the process of bone resorption
B. Decrease Ca2+ level in blood
C. Reabsorption of Ca2+ by renal tubules
D. Decrease the absorption of Ca2+ from digested food
E. Increases metabolism of carbohydrates
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
a. B and C only
b. A and C only
c. B, D and E only
d. A and E only
Page number - 243
c. B, D and E only
B. Decrease Ca2+ level in blood
D. Decrease the absorption of Ca2+ from digested food
E. Increases metabolism of carbohydrates
NCERT
In humans, four parathyroid glands are present on the back side of the thyroid gland, one pair each in the two lobes of the thyroid gland (Figure 19.3 b). add the image
The parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone called
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of calcium ions.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood.
- PTH acts on bones and stimulates the process of bone resorption (dissolution/demineralisation).
- PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the renal
tubules and - increases Ca2+ absorption from the digested food.
It is, thus, clear that PTH is a hypercalcemic hormone, i.e., it increases the blood Ca2+ levels.
Along with TCT, it plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body.
REMEMBER - Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
1. Increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood.
- Acts on bones and stimulates the process of bone resorption (dissolution/demineralisation).
- Stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the renal
tubules and - increases Ca2+ absorption from the digested food.
It is, thus, clear that PTH is a hypercalcemic hormone, i.e., it increases the blood Ca2+ levels.
- Which of the following hormones can play a significant role in osteoporosis? (2018)
a. Aldosterone and Prolactin
b. Progesterone and Aldosterone
c. Estrogen and Parathyroid hormone
d. Parathyroid hormone and Prolactin
Related to another chapter - Locomotion and Movement (227)
c. Estrogen and Parathyroid hormone
NCERT
Osteoporosis:
Age-related disorder characterised by decreased bone mass and increased chances of fractures.
Decreased levels of estrogen is a common cause.
REMEMBER
Osteoporosis
- Age related disorder
- Decreased bone mass
- Increased chances of fractures
Decreased levels of estrogen (hormone) is a common cause
- Thymosin is responsible for: (2017-Delhi)
a. Decreased production of T-lymphocytes
b. Inhibiting the production of antibodies
c. Decreasing the blood calcium level in old individuals
d. Increased production of T-lymphocytes
Page number - 243 / Summary (250)
UNDERSTAND
d. Increased production of T-lymphocytes
NCERT
The thymus gland is a lobular structure located between lungs behind sternum on the ventral side of aorta.
The thymus plays a major role in the development of the immune system.
This gland secretes the peptide hormones called thymosins.
Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of
T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity.
In addition, thymosins also promote production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity.
Thymus is degenerated in old individuals resulting in a decreased production of thymosins.
As a result, the immune responses of old persons become weak. (243)
Summary (250)
The thymus gland secretes thymosins which play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity.
In addition, thymosins also increase the production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity.
REMEMBER
Thymosin is responsible for:
Increased production of T-lymphocytes
- Play a major role in the differentiation of
T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity. - Promote production of antibodies to provide
humoral immunity. - Degenerated in old individuals resulting in a decreased production of thymosins.
As a result, the immune responses of old persons become weak.
- Identify the hormone with its correct matching of source and function: (2014)
a. Atrial natriuretic factor: Ventricular wall, increases the blood pressure
b. Oxytocin: Posterior pituitary, growth and maintenance of mammary glands
c. Melatonin: Pineal gland, regulates the normal rhythm of sleep wake cycle
d. Progesterone: Corpus-luteum, stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs
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c. Melatonin: Pineal gland, regulates the normal rhythm of sleep wake cycle
NCERT
The pineal gland is located on the dorsal side of forebrain.
Pineal secretes a hormone called melatonin.
Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation
of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body.
- For example, it helps in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle,
- body temperature.
- In addition, melatonin also influences metabolism,
- pigmentation,
- the menstrual cycle as well as our
- defense capability. - 242
Pineal gland secretes melatonin, which plays a very important role in the regulation of 24-hour (diurnal) rhythms of our body (e.g., rhythms of sleep and state of being awake, body temperature, etc.). - 250
REMEMBER
Pineal secretes a hormone called melatonin.
Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation
of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body.
Melatonin: Pineal gland, regulates the normal rhythm of sleep wake cycle
- A pregnant female delivers a baby who suffers from stunted growth, mental retardation, low intelligence quotient and abnormal skin. This is the result of: (2013)
a. Over-secretion of pars distalis
b. Deficiency of iodine in diet
c. Low secretion of growth hormone
d. Cancer of the thyroid gland
Page number 242
b. Deficiency of iodine in diet
NCERT
Important -
Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called
goitre.
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing
baby leading to
1. stunted growth (cretinism),
2. mental retardation,
3. low intelligence quotient,
4. abnormal skin,
5. deaf-mutism, etc.
REMEMBER
Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called
goitre.
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing
baby leading to
1. stunted growth (cretinism),
2. mental retardation,
3. low intelligence quotient,
4. abnormal skin,
5. deaf-mutism, etc.
- Presence of which of the following conditions in urine are indicative of Diabetes Mellitus? (2020)
a. Uremia and Renal Calculi
b. Ketonuria and Glycosuria
c. Renal calculi and Hyperglycaemia
d. Uremia and Ketonuria
b. Ketonuria and Glycosuria
- Match the following columns and select the correct option. (2020)Column-I Column-II
- Pituitary gland (i) Grave’s disease
- Thyroid gland (ii) Diabetes mellitus
- Adrenal gland (iii) Diabetes insipidus
- Pancreas (iv) Addision’s disease(1) (2) (3) (4)
a. (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
b. (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
c. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
d. (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
b. (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
- Which of the following would help in prevention of diuresis? (2020)
a. Reabsorption of Na+ and water from renal tubules due to
aldosterone
b. Atrial natriuretic factor causes vasoconstriction
c. Decrease in secretion of renin by JG cells
d. More water reabsorption due to undersecrtion of ADH
a. Reabsorption of Na+ and water from renal tubules due to
aldosterone
- Select the correct statement (2020)
a. Glucagon is associated with hypoglycemia.
b. Insulin acts on pancreatic cells and adipocytes.
c. Insulin is associated with hyperglycemia.
d. Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis.
d. Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis.
- Match the following hormones with the respective disease (2019)
A. Insulin i. Addison’s disease
B. Thyroxin ii. Diabetes insipidus
C. Corticoids iii. Acromegaly
D. Growth Hormone iv. Goitre
v. Diabetes mellitus
Select the correct option.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a. (v) (i) (ii) (iii)
b. (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
c. (v) (iv) (i) (iii)
d. (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
c. (v) (iv) (i) (iii)
- Graves’ disease is caused due to: [OS] (2016 - II)
a. Hyposecretion of adrenal gland
b. Hypersecretion of adrenal gland
c. Hyposecretion of thyroid gland
d. Hypersecretion of thyroid gland
d. Hypersecretion of thyroid gland
- A chemical signal that has both endocrine and neural roles is:
(2015)
a. Epinephrine
b. Cortisol
c. Melatonin
d. Calcitonin
a. Epinephrine
- Which one of the following hormones is not involved in sugar metabolism? (2015 Re)
a. Aldosterone
b. Insulin
c. Glucagon
d. Cortisone
a. Aldosterone
- Fight-or-flight reactions cause activation of: (2014)
a. The pancreas leading to a reduction in the blood sugar levels
b. The parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate
c. The kidney, leading to suppression of renin
angiotensinaldosterone pathway
d. The adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
d. The adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Erythropoietin hormone which stimulates R.B.C. formation is produced by: (2021)
a. The cells of rostral adenohypophysis
b. The cells of bone marrow
c. Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
d. Alpha cells of pancreas.
c. Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
- Match the following columns and select the correct option:
(2020-Covid)
Column-I Column-II
1. Ovary (i) Human chorionic Gonadotropin
2. Placenta (ii) Estrogen & Progesterone
3. Corpus luteum (iii) Androgens
4. Leydig cells (iv) Progesterone only
Select the correct option from following:
(1) (2) (3) (4) a. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) b. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv) c. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii) d. (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
c. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
- Which of the following pairs of hormones are not antagonistic (having opposite effects) to each other? (2016 - I)
a. Parathormone: Calcitonin
b. Insulin: Glucagon
c. Aldosterone: Atrial Natriuretic Factor
d. Relaxin: Inhibin
d. Relaxin: Inhibin
- Which hormones do stimulate the production of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate? (2016 - II)
a. Cholecystokinin and secretin
b. Insulin and glucagon
c. Angiotensin and epinephrine
d. Gastrin and insulin
a. Cholecystokinin and secretin
- Which of the following statement is correct in relation to the endocrine system? (2013)
a. Releasing and inhibitory hormones are produced by the pituitary gland
b. Adenohypophysis is under direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus
c. Organs in the body like gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney and liver do not produce any hormones
d. Non - nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amount that act as intercellular messenger are known as hormones
d. Non - nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amount that act as intercellular messenger are known as hormones
- Which one of the following is not the function of placenta? (2013)
a. Secretes oxytocin during parturition
b. Facilitates supply of oxygen and nutrients to embryo
c. Secretes estrogen
d. Facilitates removal of carbon dioxide and waste material from embryo
a. Secretes oxytocin during parturition
- Match the following columns and select the correct option: (2020-Covid)Column-I Column-II
- Pituitary hormone (i) Steroid
- Epinephrine (ii) Neuropeptides
- Endorphins (iii) Peptides, proteins
- Cortisol (iv) Biogenic amines(1) (2) (3) (4)
a. (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
b. (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
c. (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
d. (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
a. (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
- How does steroid hormone influence the cellular activities? (2019)
a. Changing the permeability of the cell membrane
b. Binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex
c. Activating cyclic AMP located on the cell membrane
d. Using aquaporin channels as second messenger
b. Binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex
- Which of the following is an amino acid derived hormone? (2018)
a. Epinephrine
b. Ecdysone
c. Estradiol
d. Estriol
a. Epinephrine
- Name a peptide hormone which acts mainly on hepatocytes, adipocytes and enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilization. (2016 - II)
a. Secretin
b. Gastrin
c. Insulin
d. Glucagon
c. Insulin
- The amino acid Tryptophan is the precursor for the synthesis of: (2016 - I)
a. Melatonin and Serotonin
b. Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
c. Estrogen and Progesterone
d. Cortisol and Cortisone
a. Melatonin and Serotonin
