Breathing (PW PYQ) Flashcards
- Select the correct events that occur during inspiration (2020)
- Contraction of diaphragm
- Contraction of external inter-costal muscles
- Pulmonary volume decreases
- Intra pulmonary pressure increases
a. (3) and (4)
b. (1), (2) and (4)
c. Only (4)
d. (1) and (2)
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d. (1) and (2)
- Contraction of diaphragm
- Contraction of external inter-costal muscles
NCERT
Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis.
The contraction of external inter-costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum causing an increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis.
ALSO FROM NCERT - 186
The overall increase in the thoracic volume causes a similar increase in pulmonary volume.
An increase in pulmonary volume decreases the
intra-pulmonary pressure to less than the atmospheric pressure which forces the air from outside to move into the lungs, i.e., inspiration (Figure 14.2a).
Add the image
REMEMBER -
During inspiration
1. Contraction of diaphragm
2. Contraction of external inter-costal muscles
- Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can never be expelled because: (2016 - II)
a. There is a positive intrapleural pressure
b. Pressure in the lungs is higher than the atmospheric
pressure.
c. There is a negative pressure in the lungs.
d. There is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the
lung walls
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d. There is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the
lung walls
NCERT
Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure, i.e., there is a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to atmospheric pressure.
REMEMBER -
Inspiration occurs when the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure - there is a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to atmospheric pressure
Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can never be expelled because there is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the lung walls
- The Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the total volume of air
accomodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.
This includes: (2020-Covid)
a. RV; ERV; IC and EC
b. RV; ERV; VC (Vital Capacity) and FRC
(Functional Residual Capacity)
c. RV (Residual volume); ERV (Expiratory Reserve
Volume); TV (Tidal Volume); and IRV (Inspiratory
Reserve Volume)
d. RV; IC (Inspiratory Capacity); EC (Expiratory Capacity);
and ERV
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c. RV (Residual volume);
ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume);
TV (Tidal Volume); and
IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)
NCERT
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.
This includes RV, ERV, TV and IRV or
vital capacity + residual volume
REMEMBER - TLC (Total Lung Capacity)
Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration.
This includes
1. RV
2. ERV
3. TV
4. IRV
or vital capacity + residual volume
- Tidal Volume and Expiratory Reserve Volume of an athlete is 500 mL and 1000 mL, respectively. What will be his Expiratory Capacity if the Residual Volume is
1200 mL? (2019)
a. 1500 mL
b. 1700 mL
c. 2200 mL
d. 2700 mL
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a. 1500 mL
NCERT
Expiratory Capacity (EC):
Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration. This includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume (TV+ERV).
500 + 1000 = 1500 mL
REMEMBER - EC (Expiratory Capacity)
Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration.
This includes TV + ERV
- Match the items given Column-I with those in Column-II and select the correct option given below (2018)
Column-I Column-II
A. Tidal volume i. 2500-3000 mL
B. Inspiratory Reserve volume ii. 1100-1200 mL
C. Expiratory Reserve volume iii. 500-550 mL
D. Residual volume iv. 1000-1100 mL
a. A-iii B-ii C-i D-iv
b. A-iii B-i C-iv D-ii
c. A-i B-iv C-ii D-iii
d. A-iv B-iii C-ii D-i
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b. A-iii B-i C-iv D-ii
Tidal Volume (500 -550 mL)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (2500-3000 mL)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (1000-1100 mL)
Residual Volume (1100-1200 mL)
NCERT
Tidal Volume (TV):
Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration. It is approx. 500 mL., i.e., a healthy man can inspire or expire approximately 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
Additional volume of air, a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration. This averages 2500 mL to 3000 mL.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
Additional volume of air, a person can expire by a forcible expiration. This averages 1000 mL to 1100 mL.
Residual Volume (RV):
Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL. By adding up a few respiratory volumes described above, one can derive various pulmonary capacities, which can be used in clinical diagnosis.
REMEMBER
TV - 500 mL
IRV - 2500 to 3000 mL
ERV - 1000 to 1100 mL
RV - 1100 to 1200 mL
- Lungs are made up of air-filled sacs the alveoli. They do not collapse even after forceful expiration, because of:
(2017-Delhi)
a. Residual Volume
b. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
c. Tidal Volume
d. Expiratory Reserve Volume
Page number 187
a. Residual Volume
NCERT
Residual Volume (RV):
Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration.
This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.
By adding up a few respiratory volumes described above, one can derive various pulmonary capacities, which can be used in clinical diagnosis
REMEMBER - RV (Residual Volume)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration.
This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.
Lungs are made up of air-filled sacs the alveoli. They do not collapse even after forceful expiration, because of residual volume (RV)
- Select the favourable conditions required for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin at the alveoli. (2021)
a. Low pO2, high pCO2, more H+, higher temperature
b. High pO2, high pCO2, less H+, higher temperature
c. Low pO2, low pCO2, more H+, higher temperature
d. High pO2, low pCO2, less H+, lower temperature
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d. High pO2, low pCO2, less H+, lower temperature
NCERT
In the alveoli, where there is
high pO2,
low pCO2,
lesser H+ concentration
and lower temperature,
the factors are all favourable for the formation of
oxyhaemoglobin
REMEMBER -
In the alveoli, where there is
high pO2,
low pCO2,
lesser H+ concentration and
lower temperature,
the factors are all favourable for the formation of
oxyhaemoglobin
- The partial pressures (in mm Hg) of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) at alveoli (the site of diffusion) are: (2021)
a. pO2 = 40 and pCO2 = 45
b. pO2 = 95 and pCO2 = 40
c. pO2 = 159 and pCO2 = 0.3
d. pO2 = 104 and pCO2 = 40
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d. pO2 = 104 and pCO2 = 40
NCERT
Add 2 the image
REMEMBER -
The partial pressures (in mm Hg) of oxygen (O2) /
pO2 = 104
The partial pressures (in mm Hg) of carbon dioxide (CO2)
pCO2 = 40
at alveoli (the site of diffusion)
- Identify the wrong statement with reference to transport of oxygen. (2020)
a. Partial pressure of CO2 can interfere with O2 binding with haemoglobin.
b. Higher H+ conc. in alveoli favours the formation of
oxyhaemoglobin.
c. Low pCO2 in alveoli favours the formation of
oxyhaemoglobin.
d. Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is mainly related to partial pressure of O2.
Page number 189
b. Higher H+ conc. in alveoli favours the formation of
oxyhaemoglobin.
NCERT
In the alveoli, where there is
high pO2,
low pCO2,
lesser H+ concentration
and lower temperature,
the factors are all favourable for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin
REMEMBER - Formation of oxyhaemoglobin at alveoli
1. high pO2,
2. low pCO2,
3. lesser H+ concentration
4. and lower temperature,
- The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs is: (2016 - II)
a. Less than that in the blood
b. Less than that of carbon dioxide
c. Equal to that in the blood
d. More than that in the blood
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d. More than that in the blood
NCERT
ADD THE 2 IMAGES
REMEMBER -
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs is more than that in the blood
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs (104 mm Hg)
Blood
- Deoxygenated / 40
- Oxygenated / 95
- Reduction in pH of blood will: (2016 - I)
a. Reduce the rate of heart beat
b. Reduce the blood supply to the brain
c. Decrease the affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen
d. Release bicarbonate ions by the liver
c. Decrease the affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen
COULDN’T FIND IT IN NCERT
- When you hold your breath, which of the following gas changes in blood would first lead to the urge to breathe? (2015 Re)
a. Rising CO2 concentration
b. Rising CO2 and falling O2 concentration
c. Falling O2 concentration
d. Falling CO2 concentration
a. Rising CO2 concentration
COULDN’T FIND IT IN NCERT
- Approximately seventy percent of carbon-dioxide absorbed by the blood will be transported to the lungs: (2014)
a. As carbamino-haemoglobin
b. As bicarbonate ions
c. In the form of dissolved gas molecules
d. By binding to R.B.C.
Page number 189
b. As bicarbonate ions
NCERT
Nearly 20-25 per cent of CO2 is transported by RBCs whereas 70 per cent of it is carried as bicarbonate.
REMEMBER - CO2
20-25 % = RBC
70 % = bicarbonate
- Match the following columns and select the correct option: (2020-Covid)
Column-I Column-II
- Pneumotaxic Centre (i) Alveoli
- O2 Dissociation curve (ii) Pons region of
brain - Carbonic Anhydrase (iii) Haemoglobin
- Primary site of exchange of gases (iv) R.B.C.(1) (2) (3) (4)
a. (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
b. (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
c. (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
d. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
a. (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
- Pneumotaxic Centre Pons region of brain
- O2 Dissociation curve: Hemoglobin
- Carbonic Anhydrase: R.B.C
- Primary site of exchange of gases Alveoli
NCERT
- Another centre present in the pons region of the brain
called pneumotaxic centre can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre. - A sigmoid curve is obtained when percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O2 is plotted against the pO2. This curve is called the Oxygen dissociation curve (Figure 14.5)
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- RBCs contain a very high concentration of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase and minute quantities of the same is present in the plasma too.
- Alveoli are the primary sites of exchange of gases
REMEMBER -
Pneumotaxic Centre Pons region of brain
- O2 Dissociation curve: Hemoglobin
- Carbonic Anhydrase: R.B.C
- Primary site of exchange of gases Alveoli
- Due to increasing air-borne allergens and pollutants, many people in urban areas are suffering from respiratory disorder causing wheezing due to (2019)
a. Benign growth on mucous lining of nasal cavity
b. Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
c. Proliferation of fibrous tissues and damage of the alveolarwalls
d. Reduction in the secretion of surfactants by pneumocytes.
Page number 190
b. Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
NCERT
Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
REMEMBER - Asthma
- Difficulty in breathing
- Causing wheezing
- Due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
- Which of the following options correctly represents
the lung conditions in asthma and emphysema, respectively? (2018)
a. Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased respiratory
surface
b. Increased number of bronchioles; Increased respiratory surface
c. Increased respiratory surface; Inflammation of bronchioles
d. Decreased respiratory surface; Inflammation of
bronchioles
Page number 190
a. Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased respiratory
surface
NCERT
Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased. One of the major causes of this is cigarette smoking.
REMEMBER - Asthma
- Difficulty in breathing
- Causing wheezing
- Due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
Emphysema
- Chronic disorder
- Alveolar walls are damaged
- Respiratory surface is decreased
- One of the major causes of this is cigarette smoking
- Which of the following is an occupational respiratory
disorder? (2018)
a. Anthracis
b. Silicosis
c. Botulism
d. Emphysema
Page number 191
b. Silicosis
NCERT - word not mentioned
Occupational Respiratory Disorders:
In certain industries, especially those involving grinding or stone-breaking, so much dust is produced that the defense mechanism of the body cannot fully cope with the situation. Long exposure can give rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissues) and thus causing serious lung damage. Workers in such industries should wear protective masks.
REMEMBER - Occupational Respiratory Disorders
In certain industries, especially those involving grinding or stone-breaking, so much dust is produced that the defense mechanism of the body cannot fully cope with the situation.
Long exposure can give rise to inflammation leading to fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissues) and thus causing serious lung damage.
Workers in such industries should wear protective masks.
- Asthma may be attributed to: (2016 - I)
a. Bacterial infection of the lungs
b. Allergic reaction of the mast cells in the lungs
c. Inflammation of the trachea
d. Accumulation of fluid in the lungs
Page number 190
b. Allergic reaction of the mast cells in the lungs
NCERT
Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
REMEMBER - Asthma
- Difficulty in breathing
- Causing wheezing
- Due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
Asthma may be attributed to allergic reaction of the
mast cells in the lungs
- Name the chronic respiratory disorder caused mainly by cigarette smoking: (2016 - I)
a. Emphysema
b. Asthma
c. Respiratory acidosis
d. Respiratory alkalosis
Page number 190
a. Emphysema
NCERT
Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased. One of the major causes of this is cigarette smoking
REMEMBER - Emphysema
- Chronic disorder
- Alveolar walls are damaged
- Respiratory surface is decreased
- One of the major causes of this is cigarette smoking
- Name the pulmonary disease in which alveolar surface area involved in gas exchange is drastically reduced due to damage in the alveolar walls. (2015 Re)
a. Emphysema
b. Pneumonia
c. Asthma
d. Pleurisy
Page number 190
a. Emphysema
NCERT
Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased. One of the major causes of this is cigarette smoking
REMEMBER - Emphysema
- Chronic disorder
- Alveolar walls are damaged
- Respiratory surface is decreased
- One of the major causes of this is cigarette smoking
