Biodiversity and Conservation (last 10 years) Flashcards
- Which of the following regions of the globe exhibits highest species diversity? (2020)
a. Madagascar
b. Himalayas
c. Amazon forests
d. Western ghats of India
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 219
c. Amazon forests
NCERT
The largely tropical Amazonian rain forest in South America has the greatest biodiversity on earth
REMEMBER
Greatest biodiversity on earth = Amazon forests
Highest species diversity = Amazon forests
- According to Robert May, the global species diversity is about: (2020)
a. 20 million
b. 50 million
c. 7 million
d. 1.5 million
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 217
c. 7 million
NCERT
Some extreme estimates range from 20 to 50 million, but a more conservative and scientifically sound estimate made by Robert May places the global species diversity at about 7 million.
REMEMBER
Robert May = Global species diversity : 7 million
- According to Alexander von Humboldt: (2020-Covid)
a. Species richness increases with increasing area, but only up to limit
b. There is no relationship between species richness and area explored
c. Species richness goes on increasing with increasing area of exploration
d. Species richness decreases with increasing area of exploration
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 220
a. Species richness increases with increasing area, but only up to limit
NCERT
Species-Area relationships:
During his pioneering and extensive explorations in the wilderness of South American jungles, the great German naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt observed that within a region
species richness increased with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit.
REMEMBER
Alexander von Humboldt =
Species richness increased with increasing explored area,
but only up to a limit.
- Alexander Von Humboldt described for the first time: (2017-Delhi)
a. Ecological Biodiversity
b. Laws of limiting factor
c. Species area relationships
d. Population Growth equation
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 220
c. Species area relationships
NCERT
Species-Area relationships:
During his pioneering and extensive explorations in the wilderness of South American jungles, the great German naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt observed that within a region
species richness increased with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit.
REMEMBER
Alexander von Humboldt = Species-Area relationships:
Species richness increased with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit.
- Given below is the representation of the extent of global diversity of invertebrates.
What groups the four portions (A-D) represent respectively? (2014)
insert an image
A B C D
a. Insects Molluscs Crustaceans Other animal groups
b. Insects Crustaceans Other animal groups Molluscs
c. Crustaceans Insects Molluscs Other animal groups
d. Molluscs Other animal groups Crustaceans Insects
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 218
A B C D
a. Insects Molluscs Crustaceans Other animal groups
NCERT
Add image
REMEMBER
I - insects ……………………………..majority
M - molluscs…………………………less
C - crustaceans…………………….v less
O - other animal groups……….more
- Which of the following represent maximum number of species among global biodiversity? (2013)
a. Mosses and Ferns
b. Algae
c. Lichens
d. Fungi
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 218
d. Fungi
NCERT
The number of fungi species in the world is more than the combined total of the species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. (218)
Add the image too (218)
The group Fungi has more species than all the vertebrate species combined. (summary)
REMEMBER
Maximum number of species among global biodiversity = Fungi
- Habitat loss and fragmentation, over exploitation, alien species invasion and co-extinction are causes for: (2022)
a. Natality
b. Population explosion
c. Competition
d. Biodiversity loss
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation /
page 222-223
d. Biodiversity loss
NCERT
Causes of biodiversity losses:
(i) Habitat loss and fragmentation:
(ii) Over-exploitation:
(iii) Alien species invasions:
(iv) Co-extinctions:
REMEMBER
Causes of biodiversity losses
1. Habitat loss and fragmentation
2. Over exploitation
3. Alien species invasion
4. Co - extinctions
- Which of the following is the most important cause for animals and plants being driven to extinction? (2019)
a. Habitat loss and fragmentation
b. Drought and floods
c. Economic exploitation
d. Alien species invasion
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 222
a. Habitat loss and fragmentation
NCERT
Habitat loss and fragmentation:
This is the most important cause driving animals and plants to extinction.
REMEMBER
Most important cause driving animals and plants to extinction = Habitat loss and fragmentation
- Red list contains data or information on: (2016 - II)
a. Threatened species
b. Marine vertebrates only
c. All economically important plants
d. Plants whose products are in international trade
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 221
a. Threatened species
NCERT
The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species (including 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates and 87 plants) in the last 500 years
REMEMBER
IUCN Red List (2004) documents = extinctions of 784 species / threatened species
- Which of the following is correctly matched? (2016 - II)
a. Parthenium hysterophorus – Threat to biodiversity
b. Stratification – Population
c. Aerenchyma – Opuntia
d. Age pyramid – Biome
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 223
a. Parthenium hysterophorus – Threat to biodiversity
NCERT
You must be familiar with the environmental damage caused and threat posed to our native species by invasive weed species like carrot grass (Parthenium), Lantana and water hyacinth (Eicchornia).
REMEMBER
Causes of biodiversity losses :
- Alien species invasion
Threat posed to our native species by invasion weed species like
carrot gass (Parthenium)
- Which of the following is the most important cause of animals and plants being driven to extinction? (2016 - I)
a. Over-exploitation
b. Alien species invasion
c. Habitat loss and fragmentation
d. Co-extinctions
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 222
c. Habitat loss and fragmentation
NCERT
Habitat loss and fragmentation:
This is the most important cause driving animals and plants to extinction.
REMEMBER
Most important cause driving animals and plants to extinction =
Habitat loss and fragmentation
- The organisation which publishes the Red List of species is: (2014)
a. WWF
b. ICFRE
c. IUCN
d. UNEP
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 221
c. IUCN
NCERT
The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species (including 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates and 87 plants) in the last 500 years.
REMEMBER
IUCN = Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species
The organisation which publishes the Red List of species is: IUCN
- A species facing extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future is called: (2014)
a. Extinct
b. Vulnerable
c. Endemic
d. Critically Endangered
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 224
d. Critically Endangered
NCERT
However, when there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened (organisms facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future)
REMEMBER
Organisms facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future = Critically Endangered
High risk of extinction in the immediate future = critically endangered
A species facing extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future is called: Critically Endangered
- Which of the following is not a method of ex situ conservation? (2022)
a. Cryopreservation
b. In vitro fertilization
c. National Parks
d. Micropropagation
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
c. National Parks
NCERT
In situ conservation–
In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally
protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries
In situ Conservation
1. Bio- sphere reserves
2. National parks
3. Sanctuaries
4. Sacred groves
5. ‘biodiversity hotspots’
When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is protected - we save the entire forest to save the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation.
Ex situ Conservation
1. Zoological parks
2. Botanical gardens
3. Wildlife safari parks
4. Cryopreservation
5. Seed banks.
Threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting where they can be protected and given special care.
However, when there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened (organisms facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future) and needs urgent measures to save it from extinction, ex situ (off site) conservation is the desirable approach
- In-situ conservation refers to: (2022)
a. Conserve only extinct species
b. Protect and conserve the whole ecosystem
c. Conserve only high risk species
d. Conserve only endangered species
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 224
b. Protect and conserve the whole ecosystem
NCERT
When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is protected - we save the entire forest to save the tiger. This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation.
In situ Conservation
1. Bio- sphere reserves
2. National parks
3. Sanctuaries
4. Sacred groves
5. ‘biodiversity hotspots’
- In the following in each set a conservation approach and an example of method of conservation are given
A. In situ conservation-Biosphere Reserve
B. Ex situ conservation-Sacred groves
C. In situ conservation-Seed bank
D. Ex situ conservation-Cryopreservation
Select the option with correct match of approach and method:
(2020-Covid)
a. A and D
b. B and D
c. A and B
d. A and C
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
A. In situ conservation-Biosphere Reserve
D. Ex situ conservation-Cryopreservation
NCERT
In situ conservation-
In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally
protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
Such sacred groves are found in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh. In Meghalaya, the sacred groves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened plants.
Ex situ Conservation–
In this approach, threatened animals and plants
are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting
where they can be protected and given special care.
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose.
There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in zoological parks.
In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures.
Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods.
Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks.
In situ Conservation
1. Bio- sphere reserves
2. National parks
3. Sanctuaries
4. Sacred groves
5. ‘biodiversity hotspots’
Ex situ Conservation
1. Zoological parks
2. Botanical gardens
3. Wildlife safari parks
4. Cryopreservation
5. Seed banks.
- Which one of the following is not a method of in situ conservation of biodiversity? (2019)
a. Biosphere Reserve
b. Wildlife Sanctuary
c. Botanical Garden
d. Sacred Grove
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
c. Botanical Garden
NCERT
Ex situ Conservation–
In this approach, threatened animals and plants
are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting
where they can be protected and given special care.
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose.
In situ conservation-
In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally
protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
Such sacred groves are found in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh. In Meghalaya, the sacred groves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened plants.
In situ Conservation
1. Bio- sphere reserves
2. National parks
3. Sanctuaries
4. Sacred groves
5. ‘biodiversity hotspots’
Ex situ Conservation
1. Zoological parks
2. Botanical gardens
3. Wildlife safari parks
4. Cryopreservation
5. Seed banks.
- The Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 was called (2019)
a. To reduce CO2 emissions and global warming
b. For conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilization of its benefits
c. To assess threat posed to native species by invasive weed species
d. For immediate steps to discontinue use of CFCs that were damaging the ozone layer
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
b. For conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilization of its benefits
NCERT
The historic Convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits.
The Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 =
For conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilization of its benefits
- All of the following are included in ‘ex-situ conservation’ except: (2018)
a. Wildlife safari parks
b. Sacred groves
c. Botanical gardens
d. Seed bank
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
b. Sacred groves
NCERT
Ex situ Conservation–
In this approach, threatened animals and plants
are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting
where they can be protected and given special care.
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose. Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks.
In situ conservation-
In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally
protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
Such sacred groves are found in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh. In Meghalaya, the sacred groves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened plants.
In situ Conservation
1. Bio- sphere reserves
2. National parks
3. Sanctuaries
4. Sacred groves
5. ‘biodiversity hotspots’
Ex situ Conservation
1. Zoological parks
2. Botanical gardens
3. Wildlife safari parks
4. Cryopreservation
5. Seed banks.
- Which one of the following is related to ex-situ conservation of threatened animals and plants? (2017-Delhi)
a. Wildlife Safari parks
b. Biodiversity hot spots
c. Amazon rainforest
d. Himalayan region
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
a. Wildlife Safari parks
NCERT
Ex situ Conservation–
In this approach, threatened animals and plants
are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting
where they can be protected and given special care.
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose.
ex-situ conservation of threatened animals and plants =
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks
In situ Conservation
1. Bio- sphere reserves
2. National parks
3. Sanctuaries
4. Sacred groves
5. ‘biodiversity hotspots’
Ex situ Conservation
1. Zoological parks
2. Botanical gardens
3. Wildlife safari parks
4. Cryopreservation
5. Seed banks.
- The region of Biosphere Reserve which is legally protected and where no human activity is allowed is known as: (2017-Delhi)
a. Core zone
b. Buffer zone
c. Transition zone
d. Restoration zone
a. Core zone
COULDN’T FIND THIS IN NCERT
MAYBE ITS DELETED
- How many hot spots of biodiversity in the world have been identified till date by Norman Myers? (2016 - II)
a. 34
b. 43
c. 17
d. 25
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 224
a. 34
NCERT
Initially 25 biodiversity hotspots were identified but subsequently nine more have been added to the list, bringing the total number of
biodiversity hotspots in the world to 34.
There are 34 biodiversity hotshots that have been identified
- Cryopreservation of gametes of threatened species in viable and fertile condition can be referred to as: (2015)
a. In situ conservation by sacred groves
b. In situ cryo-conservation of biodiversity
c. In situ conservation of biodiversity
d. Advanced ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
d. Advanced ex-situ conservation of biodiversity
NCERT
Ex situ Conservation–
In this approach, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting where they can be protected and given special care.
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose.
There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in zoological parks.
In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures.
Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods.
Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks
- In which of the following both pairs have correct combination? (2015)
a. In situ conservation: Seed Bank
Ex situ conservation: National Park
b. In situ conservation: Tissue culture
Ex situ conservation: Sacred groves
c. In situ conservation: National Park
Ex situ conservation: Botanical Garden
d. In situ conservation: Cryopreservation
Ex situ conservation: Wildlife Sanctuary
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
c. In situ conservation: National Park
Ex situ conservation: Botanical Garden
NCERT
Ex situ Conservation–
In this approach, threatened animals and plants
are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting
where they can be protected and given special care.
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose.
In situ conservation-
In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally
protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
Such sacred groves are found in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh. In Meghalaya, the sacred groves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened plants.
In situ Conservation
1. Bio- sphere reserves
2. National parks
3. Sanctuaries
4. Sacred groves
5. ‘biodiversity hotspots’
Ex situ Conservation
1. Zoological parks
2. Botanical gardens
3. Wildlife safari parks
4. Cryopreservation
5. Seed banks.
- The species confined to a particular region and not found elsewhere is termed as: (2015 Re)
a. Alien
b. Endemic
c. Rare
d. Keystone
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 224
b. Endemic
NCERT
They identified for maximum protection certain
‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism (that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else).
Species confined to a particular region and not found elsewhere =
Endemism / endemic
- An example of ex situ conservation is: (2014)
a. Sacred Grove
b. National Park
c. Seed Bank
d. Wildlife Sanctuary
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
c. Seed Bank
NCERT
Ex situ Conservation–
In this approach, threatened animals and plants
are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting
where they can be protected and given special care.
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose.
There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in zoological parks.
In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures.
Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods.
Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks
In situ conservation-
In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally
protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
Such sacred groves are found in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh. In Meghalaya, the sacred groves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened plants.
In situ Conservation
1. Bio- sphere reserves
2. National parks
3. Sanctuaries
4. Sacred groves
5. ‘biodiversity hotspots’
Ex situ Conservation
1. Zoological parks
2. Botanical gardens
3. Wildlife safari parks
4. Cryopreservation
5. Seed banks.
- Which one of the following is not used for ex-situ plant conservation? (2013)
a. Botanical Gardens
b. Field gene banks
c. Seed banks
d. Shifting cultivation
Grade 12 / Chapter 13 / Biodiversity and Conservation / page 225
d. Shifting cultivation
NCERT
Ex situ Conservation–
In this approach, threatened animals and plants
are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting
where they can be protected and given special care.
Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose.
There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in zoological parks.
In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures.
Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods.
Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks
No mention of field gene banks and shifting cultivation
