CHE Final Exam Flashcards
Alpha and beta particles
Positively and negatively charged particles, respectively
Gamma rays
Neutral charge, high-energy radiation
Nuclear theory
Supported by Rutherford’s experiment:
nucleus = most of atom’s mass w/protons & neutrons
empty space = most of atom’s space w/electrons
Polyatomic molecules in nature
P4
S4
Se4
O3
Noble metals
Ag, Pt, Au
Transition metals with predictable charge (3)
Ag (1B = 1+)
Zn (2B = 2+)
Cd (2B = 2+)
1 prefix (HC)
meth-
2 prefix (HC)
eth-
3 prefix (HC)
prop-
4 prefix (HC)
but-
HC suffixes (single, double, & triple bonds)
-ane, -ene, -yne
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons with only single bonds (-anes)
Percent yield
% yield = ( actual / theoretical ) * 100%
*NOT PERCENT ERROR!
Dilution formula
M1V1 = M2V2
M = molarity, V = volume (liters)
Dissociation
Ions of a salt separate when dissolved
Ionization
Process of ion formation in solution
(acids, bases)
Arrhenius acids & bases
Acids produce H+ (H3O+) in water
Bases produce OH- in water
Brønsted acids & bases
Acid = proton donor
Base = proton acceptor
Monoprotic, diprotic, and tripotic acids
Each unit of acid yields one, two, and H+ ion(s) respectively
Neutralization reaction result
salt + water + heat
Gas-evolving reactions & compounds (4)
Acid + salt –> salt + gas + water
Sulfides
Bicarbonates
Bisulfites
Ammonium
Oxidation half-reaction
Shows loss of electrons (OIL)
Reduction half-reaction
Shows the gain of electrons (RIG)
Oxidizing agents
Are reduced (RIG)
Reduction agents
Are oxidized (OIL)
Disproportionation reaction
Same element is simultaneously oxidized & reduced