Chapter 06: Thermochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

The capacity of matter to do work

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2
Q

Work

A

w

w = F×d
(work = force × distance)

The action of a force through a distance.

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3
Q

Heat

A

q

The flow of energy caused by a difference in temperature

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4
Q

Types of energy (4)

A

Kinetic energy (due to motion)

Thermal energy (associated with temperature)

Potential energy (due to position/composition)

Chemical energy (associated with positions of electrons and nuclei)

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5
Q

Heat v. Temperature

A

Transfer of thermal energy v. measure of thermal energy

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6
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

Heat flows from matter with high temperature to matter with low temperature until both objects reach the same temperature.

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7
Q

Thermochemistry

A

Study of relationships between chemistry and energy

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8
Q

System

A

Specific part of the universe that is of interest in a study

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9
Q

Surroundings

A

Everything else with which the system can exchange energy

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10
Q

Open system

A

Mass & energy is exchanged

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11
Q

Closed system

A

ONLY energy is exchanged (not mass)

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12
Q

Isolated system

A

Neither mass nor energy is exchanged (no exchange at all)

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13
Q

Kinetic energy

A

KE = 1/2mv2

Directly portional to m and v

Units: kg×m2/s2

(half of mass × velocity squared)

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14
Q

1 J = ? KE

A

1 J = 1 kg×m2/s2

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15
Q

1 cal = ? J

A

1 cal = 4.184 J

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16
Q

1 Cal = ? cal

A

1 Cal = 1000 cal (or 1 kcal)

17
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Releases heat by transferring thermal energy from system to surroundings

18
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

System gains heat from surroundings to react

19
Q

Internal energy

A

E

Sum of KE + PE of all particles within a system

20
Q

Change in internal energy

A

ΔE = Eproducts - Ereactants

21
Q

State function

A

Function that depends only on intial and final conditions

22
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed

Total energy of universe is contant

Thus:

ΔEsystem = -ΔEsurroundings

and:

ΔE = q + w

*q (heat) is positive when energy is gained
negative when energy is lost

*w is positive when work is done ON the system
negative when work is done BY the system

23
Q

Energy exchange

A

Accomplished through heat and work between system and surroundings

24
Q

Pressure-volume work

A

Occurs when the force is caused by a volume change against an external pressure

w = -PΔV

work = the negative of external pressure × change in volume

work done = -w!

25
1 L×atm = ? J
1 L×atm = 101.3 J
26
Enthalpy
H H = E + PV (internal energy + pressure×volume) \*State function
27
Enthalpy change
ΔH The heat (q) evolved in a reaction at constant pressure ΔH = qp ΔH = Hproducts - Hreactants
28
Heat capacity
C q = C × Δt The amount of heat (q) required to raise the temperature of a given quantity (m) of a substance by 1°C Units: J/°C or J/K Proportionality constant System absorbs heat = tempature increase Directly proportional
29
Specific heat capacity
Cs units: J/g × °C A measure of a substance's instrinsic ability to absorb heat The amount of heat (q) required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 °C q = m × Cs × Δt
30
Molar heat capacity
The amount of heat (q) required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1°C Units: J/mol °C
31
Bomb calorimeter
Constant-volume calorimetry Since volume is constant, no work is done, w = 0 Thus: ΔErxn = qv = qrxn -qrxn = **qcal = Ccal × ΔT** qcal is heat absorbed by calorimeter -qrxn is heat released by reaction Ccal is heat capacity of calorimeter
32
Coffee-cup calorimetry
Constant-pressure calorimetry Used to measure enthalpy of a reaction: ΔHrxn **qsoln = msoln × Cs, soln × ΔT** and **qrxn = -qsoln** = qp = ΔHrxn
33
Standard enthalpy of formation
ΔHf° The heat change that results when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements at a pressure of 1 atm ΔHf° of any element in most stable form is zero stable liquids: Hg, Br stable gases: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, noble gases note: C graphite is stable, not C diamond, though note: S8 **rhombic** is stable
34
Standard enthalpy of a reaction
ΔHrxn° The enthalpy of a reaction carried out at 1 atm ΔHrxn° = ΣnproductsΔHf° - ΣnreactantsΔHf° n = number of moles
35
Hess' law
When reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or a series of steps ΔHrxn° = ΔH1° + ΔH2°