Chapter 01: Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving Flashcards
Number of naturally occurring elements
91
Properties of solids
Definite shape Definite volume Incompressible Particles close very together Particles locked in place
Types of solids (2)
Crystalline and amorphous
Crystalline solids
Have regular, repeating, 3D internal geometric patterns
Amorphous solids
No regular, internal geometric patterns
Properties of a liquid
Indefinite shape Definite volume Incompressible, essentially Particles close together Particles can move freely
Properties of a gas
Indefinite shape Indefinite volume Compressible Particles far apart Particles can move freely AND randomly
Physical changes
Do not ALTER COMPOSITION or IDENTITY of a substance
Chemical changes
DO ALTER COMPOSITION or IDENTITY of substance(s)
Physical properties
Inherent characteristics, determined WITHOUT altering composition
Color, taste, odor, state (of matter), density, melting point, boiling point
Chemical properties
Describes substance’s ability to either
(a) undergo a reaction with another substance
(b) decompose
Flammability, corrosiveness, acidity, toxicity
Energy
Matter’s capacity to do work
Work
Force’s action through a distance
Potential energy
Stored energy
Kinetic energy
Matter’s energy due to its position
Law of conservation of energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy is always conserved during ANY change
Extensive properties
Depends upon quantity of matter
Mass, length, volume
Intensive properties
INtensive = INdependent of quantity of matter
Density, temperature, color
SI base units
meter kilogram second kelvin mole
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Mass
Measure of quantity of matter, measured on balance
Weight
Gravity’s force exerted on an object
Volume
Amount of space occupied by matter (cubic measurement)
Density
Ratio of mass to volume
*Dependent upon temperature! (Always note temperature with density, if available.)
SI standard: kg/m^3
Thermal energy
Form of energy; motion of small particles of matter; a type of kinetic energy (arises from motion of atoms)
Termperature
INTENSITY measurement of thermal energy
Heat
FLOW of energy due to temperature difference
K = Celsius + ?
K = Celsius + 273.15
Celsius = Fahrenheit…?
Celsius = (F - 32) / 1.8
Uncertainty
Exists in last digit of every measurement, because this digit is estimated
Exact numbers
Infinite number of significant figures
Counted numbers
Accuracy
How close measured value is to true value
Precision
How close a set of measured values are to each other
Random error
Error that has equal probability of being too high/too low
Systematic error
Error that trends toward EITHER being too high OR too low
Derived unit
Combination of other units
e.g. m/s (meters per second)
Glucose
C6H12O6
