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Gen Chem 01 > Chapter 02: Atoms and Elements > Flashcards

Chapter 02: Atoms and Elements Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of conservation of mass

A

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

Mass of reactants = mass of products

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2
Q

Law of definite proportions

A

All samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements

Water is always H20

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3
Q

Law of multiple proportions

A

Atoms of two or more elements may combine in different ratios, producing various compounds

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4
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Election (e-) - negative charge, mass is minute

Proton (p) - positive charge, mass = 1840x an electron’s

Neutron (n) - neutral particle, GREATEST MASS

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5
Q

Cathode rays

A

Beam of particles, negatively charged

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6
Q

Cathode

A

Negatively charged electrode

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7
Q

Anode

A

Positively charged electrode

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8
Q

Radioactivity

A

Spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation

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9
Q

Radioactive element

A

Spontaneously emits radiation

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10
Q

Alpha particles

A

Positively charged particles

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11
Q

Beta particles

A

Negatively charged particles

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12
Q

Gamma rays

A

Neutral charge, high-energy radiation

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13
Q

Nuclear theory

A

Nucleus = most of atom’s mass and all of its positive charge

Empty space = most of the atom

of protons = # of electrons, so atoms are neutral

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14
Q

Periodic table

A

Elements are in order of increasing atomic number

Row = period
Column = group/family
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15
Q

Group 1A

A

Alkali metals

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16
Q

Group 2A

A

Alkaline earth metals

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17
Q

Groups XB

A

Transition metals

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18
Q

Groups XB - inserted rows

A

Inner transition metals

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19
Q

Group 7A

A

Halogens

20
Q

Group 8A

A

Noble/inert gases

21
Q

Atomic number

A

Z

Number of protons

22
Q

Mass number

A

A

Number of protons + neutrons

23
Q

Chemical symbol

A

X

Chemical abbreviation

24
Q

X-A

A

Chemical-Mass #

25
Q

Molecule

A

2+ atoms in DEFINITE arrangement, held together by chemical forces

26
Q

Diatomic molecule

A

2-atom molecule

27
Q

Diatomic molecules in nature (7)

A 
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Fluorine (F)
Oxygen (O)
Iodine (I)
Chlorine (Cl)
Bromine (Br)

H + N through F + F down to I

“Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer”

28
Q

Polyatomic molecule

A

> 2 atom molecule

29
Q

Polyatomic molecules in nature

A

Phosphorus (P4)
Sulfur (S4)
Selenium (Se4)
(Oxygen (O3))

(remaining 3 Other Nonmetals angled in diatomic molecules N, O, F, Cl, Br

30
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

31
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

32
Q

Monatomic ion

A

1-atom ion

33
Q

Polyatomic ion

A

2+ atom ion

34
Q

Main-group/representative elements

A

A groups

Properties tend to be largely predictable based on location in table

35
Q

Transition elements

A

B groups

Properties tend to be less predictable simply based on location in table

36
Q

Metals

A 
Solids at room temperature (EXCEPT MERCURY, Hg)
Lustrous (shiny)
Good conductors of heat/electricity
Malleable
Ductile
High melting points, high densities
Tends to lose electrons

Form ionic compounds with nonmetals
Rarely combine with other metals

37
Q

Metals found in free states (3)

“Noble metals”

A

Silver (Ag)
Platinum (Pt)
Gold (Au)

38
Q

Nonmetals

A 
Not lustrous (shiny)
Poor conductors of heat/electricity
Not malleable
Not ductile
Fairly low melting points & densities
Tend to gain electrons

Form molecular compounds with each other (and metalloids)
Form ionic compounds with metals

BROMINE (Br) is liquid at room temperature

39
Q

Metalloids

A

Properties are between metals and nonmetals
Some are semiconductors

Boron (B) through Astatine (At)
EXCLUDING Aluminum (Al) (and Polonium (Po))
40
Q

Transition metals with predictable charge (3)

A

Silver (Ag) - Group 1B = 1+ charge

Zinc (Zn) - Group 2B = 2+ charge
Cadmium (Cd) - Group 2B = 2+ charge

41
Q

Atomic mass

A

amu
Mass of an atom
Based on carbon-12

42
Q

Average atomic mass

A

Weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element

Avg = (amu)(% abundance)+(amu)(% abundance)

43
Q

Mass spectrometry

A

Separates particles according to mass

Used to determine masses of atoms & % abundances

44
Q

1 mole (Avogadro’s number)

A

6.022 x 10^23 objects

45
Q

Molar mass

A

Mass of 1 mole of atoms of an element, expressed in grams

x amu = x g/mol

Gen Chem 01 (21 decks)

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