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Psych 1200 > Chater 4 > Flashcards

Chater 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Process of detecting external events by sense organs and turning those stimuli into neural signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

Involves attending to, organizing and interpreting stimuli that we sense

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Process of converting basic sensory info into neutral activity that the brain can interpret

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4
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

Separate brain areas are specialized for different sensory input

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5
Q

Orienting response

A

Describes how we quickly shift our attention to stimuli that signal a change in the sensory world

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6
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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7
Q

Pyschophysics

A

Measures relationship between mental world and physical world

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8
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amount of energy or quality of a stimulus requires for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of time its present

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

Small difference between stimuli we can detect atleast 50% of the time

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Recognizes that a stimulus is either present of absent and that the individual either reports detecting the stimulus or does not

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11
Q

Hit

A

You heard something and were right

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12
Q

Miss

A

Failed to detect that the stimulus was actually there

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13
Q

False alarm

A

Think you heard something but it wasn’t actually there

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14
Q

Correct rejection

A

Didn’t hear anything and were correct

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15
Q

4 possible outcomes of signal detection

A

Hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

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16
Q

Figure ground principle

A

We use the visual features of objects to determine which are objects in out environment and what is background

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17
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Approach to perception that emphasizes “whole is greater than sum of parts”

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18
Q

Law of proximity

A

Grouping objects together according to their closeness in space

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19
Q

Law of similarity

A

Grouping objects together according tides tyres they have in common

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20
Q

Law of continuity

A

Tendency to view items as whole figure even if image is broken into segments

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21
Q

Law of closure

A

Tendency to fill gaps so as to see a whole object

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22
Q

Divided attention

A

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time

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23
Q

Selective attention

A

Involves only focusing on one thing at a time; can be beneficial to learn

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24
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice clearly visible events of objects because attention is directed somewhere else

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25
Primary function of the eye is too...
Father light and change it into action potential
26
Wavelength
Difference between peaks of wave, correspond to colours
27
Long wavelengths
Detects more reddish colour
28
Medium wavelengths
Detects more yellow and green
29
Short wavelengths
Detects more blue and purple
30
Amplitude
Refers to height of wave
31
Low amplitude
Dims colour
32
High amplitude
Bright colours
33
Saturation
Colourfulness or density
34
High saturation
Mixture of different wavelengths (washed out)
35
High saturation
Light waves that consist of mostly one wavelength (vivid colour)
36
Sclera
Whiter outer shell
37
Cornea
Clear layer cover front portion of eye, contributed with ability to focus
38
Pupil
Dilated to allow more light to pass through and constricts to allow less light
39
Iris
Adjusts size of pupil, gives eye colour
40
Lens
Behind pupil, focusing light onto the back of eye, bends light either more or less according to distance of objects that need to be in focus
41
Bringing objects close into focus ..
Needs the objects to be more sperical and light must bend more
42
Bringing far objects into focus
Requires lens to be more flat, light doesn't bend as much
43
Retina
Lines inner surface of eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to properties of light to brain
44
Photoreceptors
Light is transformed into neural signal so the brain can understand
45
Ganglion cells
Take signals from photoreceptors and send to brain by firing out of optic nerve
46
Optic nerve
Firing from ganglion cells go through a dense bundle of fibres that connect to brain
47
Optic disc
Creates an area of the retina where there is no photoreceptors (creates blind spot)
48
When the brain creates a blind spot ..
It is missing out on info and automatically fills in the blanks for you
49
Direction of light through eye
Cornea-pupil-lens-retina-photoreceptors-ganglion cells-brain
50
2 general types of photoreceptors
Ross and cones
51
Rods
Sensitive to under low light and provide grainy images
52
In dark we use rods or cones more
Rods
53
Cones
Sensitive to different wave lengths of light sober rely on them for colour vision
54
Fovea
Central of the visual field
55
Cones are clustered around ...
Fovea
56
Dark adaptation
Rods and cones are adjusting their sensitivity to darker lighting conditions
57
Trichromatic theory
Colour vision is determined by 3 main colour red blue and green
58
Negative afterimage
Stare at one colour for long time and look away will cause negative after image of different colour
59
Staring at something red turns ..
Green
60
Staring at something black turns...
White
61
Staring at something green turns..
Red
62
Oppenent-process theory
We perceive colours in terms of opposing pair
63
Red to..
Green
64
Black to..
White
65
Yellow to..
Blue
66
Nearsighted
Eye is elongated
67
Farsighted
Eye is too short, the light isn't bent when reached retina does hit proper spot
68
Glasses ....
Bend light as proper spot
69
Optic chiasm
Point where the optic nerve cross at midline of brain. Splits and travels to both sides left and right
70
Left half of visual field is initially processed by ..
Right hemisphere
71
Right half of visual feild is initially processed by ..
Left hemisphere
72
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LCN)
Processing visual info fibres from nuclear, sends messages to visual cortex
73
Visual cortex has two streams of vision:
Ventral stream and dorsal stream
74
Ventral stream
Deals with processing visual info about objects identity
75
Perceptual consistencies
Ability to perceive objects as having constant shape size and colour despite changes in perspective
76
Shape constancy
Judge object relative to our position
77
Colour constancy
Being able to recognize an objects colour under varying levels of illumination
78
Size constancy
Judgments of how close an object is relative to ones position as weak as the positions of objects
79
Dorsal system
Deals with processing visual info for the purpose of guiding motor actions
80
Depth perception
Ability to use vision to guide our actions is dependent on our depth perception
81
Binocular depth cues
Differing perspective of both eyes
82
Convergence
Occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object
83
Retinal disparity
Difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes which provides info to the brain about depth
84
2 steps to sensing the world around us
- sensation | - perception
85
Monocular depth cues
Cues that we can perceive with only one eye
86
Accommodation
Lens of eyes curves to allow focus on nearby objects, helps make judgment about depth
87
Motion parallax
Used when your surroundings are in motion t
88
Interpolation
Where an object is closer then another one beam cause it covers part of the other object
89
Object brightness
Objects that are futher away will be at lower intensity vs high intensity for our retinas
90
Linear perspective
Occurs when parallel lines go into the distance
91
Texture gradient
Far objects tend to be less defined and blurry the farther the distance
92
Height in plane
Objects that are higher in our visual field tend to be further away
93
Relative size
Object will project a smaller image if it's further away from us
94
Ears are designed to...
Collect soundwaves and to transform into neural signals for the brain
95
Sound frequency
Pitch of the sound that is based on speed of the molecules in the air are traveling
96
Pitch
Perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies
97
Sound amplitude
Height of wave, higher is louder lower is quiet
98
Human audible range
Can hear from 50hz to 20000 hz
99
Ear consists of 3 parts
- pinna - auditory canal - eardrum
100
Pinna
Outer region that helps channel in the sounds waves and know where it's coming from
101
Auditory canal
Tube from pinna to ear drum
102
Ear drum
Vibrates the ear drum at same frequency of sound waves
103
Main function of auditory ossicles
Strengthen the signal provided by the eardrum before transferring that info along inner ear
104
Cochlea
Fluid inside that converts sound vibrations into neural impulses
105
Sound localization
Identifying where the sound is coming from
106
Two ways that help is find origin of sound:
- arrives at ears at different times | - sound will arrive at higher intensity to whatever ear is oriented to the origin of sound (sound shadow)
107
Place theory of hearing
Idea that hair cells can tell if the sound is a high frequency of low frequency
108
Primary auditory cortex
Major centre of brain involved in perceiving what we hear, respond to specific frequencies
109
Secondary auditory cortex
Helps us understand complex sounds
110
Two point threshold device for measuring touch acuity
The more sensitive regions on the body con detect two points even when they are spaced very close together, less sensitive parts of the body have much larger two point thresholds
111
Haptics
Active exploration of objects to learn the properties
112
Kinesthesis
Sensors in our muscles joints and tendons that give us a sense of the bodily motion and position
113
Nocoception
The activity of the nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable situations, send pain messages to central nervous system
114
Fast fibres
Sharp intense pain caused by physical injury
115
Slow fibres
Throbbing pain when occurs after injury occurs
116
Gate control theory
Explanation of the feeling of pain and why the among of actual damage doesn't always relate to the intensity of pain that one receives (small pinch, huge pain)
117
Gustatory system
Functions in The sensation and perception of taste
118
Primary tastes
Salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami
119
Papillae
Receptors for taste, lines with tastebuds
120
Olfactory system
Detection of airborne molecules floating around that make their way into our noses
121
Olfactory epithelium
Thin layer of cell that are lined by sensory reception called cilia

Psych 1200 (11 decks)

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