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Psych 1200 > Chater 4 > Flashcards

Chater 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Process of detecting external events by sense organs and turning those stimuli into neural signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

Involves attending to, organizing and interpreting stimuli that we sense

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Process of converting basic sensory info into neutral activity that the brain can interpret

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4
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

Separate brain areas are specialized for different sensory input

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5
Q

Orienting response

A

Describes how we quickly shift our attention to stimuli that signal a change in the sensory world

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6
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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7
Q

Pyschophysics

A

Measures relationship between mental world and physical world

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8
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amount of energy or quality of a stimulus requires for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of time its present

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

Small difference between stimuli we can detect atleast 50% of the time

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Recognizes that a stimulus is either present of absent and that the individual either reports detecting the stimulus or does not

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11
Q

Hit

A

You heard something and were right

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12
Q

Miss

A

Failed to detect that the stimulus was actually there

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13
Q

False alarm

A

Think you heard something but it wasn’t actually there

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14
Q

Correct rejection

A

Didn’t hear anything and were correct

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15
Q

4 possible outcomes of signal detection

A

Hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

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16
Q

Figure ground principle

A

We use the visual features of objects to determine which are objects in out environment and what is background

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17
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Approach to perception that emphasizes “whole is greater than sum of parts”

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18
Q

Law of proximity

A

Grouping objects together according to their closeness in space

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19
Q

Law of similarity

A

Grouping objects together according tides tyres they have in common

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20
Q

Law of continuity

A

Tendency to view items as whole figure even if image is broken into segments

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21
Q

Law of closure

A

Tendency to fill gaps so as to see a whole object

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22
Q

Divided attention

A

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time

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23
Q

Selective attention

A

Involves only focusing on one thing at a time; can be beneficial to learn

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24
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice clearly visible events of objects because attention is directed somewhere else

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25
Q

Primary function of the eye is too…

A

Father light and change it into action potential

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26
Q

Wavelength

A

Difference between peaks of wave, correspond to colours

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27
Q

Long wavelengths

A

Detects more reddish colour

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28
Q

Medium wavelengths

A

Detects more yellow and green

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29
Q

Short wavelengths

A

Detects more blue and purple

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30
Q

Amplitude

A

Refers to height of wave

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31
Q

Low amplitude

A

Dims colour

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32
Q

High amplitude

A

Bright colours

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33
Q

Saturation

A

Colourfulness or density

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34
Q

High saturation

A

Mixture of different wavelengths (washed out)

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35
Q

High saturation

A

Light waves that consist of mostly one wavelength (vivid colour)

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36
Q

Sclera

A

Whiter outer shell

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37
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer cover front portion of eye, contributed with ability to focus

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38
Q

Pupil

A

Dilated to allow more light to pass through and constricts to allow less light

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39
Q

Iris

A

Adjusts size of pupil, gives eye colour

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40
Q

Lens

A

Behind pupil, focusing light onto the back of eye, bends light either more or less according to distance of objects that need to be in focus

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41
Q

Bringing objects close into focus ..

A

Needs the objects to be more sperical and light must bend more

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42
Q

Bringing far objects into focus

A

Requires lens to be more flat, light doesn’t bend as much

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43
Q

Retina

A

Lines inner surface of eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to properties of light to brain

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44
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light is transformed into neural signal so the brain can understand

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45
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Take signals from photoreceptors and send to brain by firing out of optic nerve

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46
Q

Optic nerve

A

Firing from ganglion cells go through a dense bundle of fibres that connect to brain

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47
Q

Optic disc

A

Creates an area of the retina where there is no photoreceptors (creates blind spot)

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48
Q

When the brain creates a blind spot ..

A

It is missing out on info and automatically fills in the blanks for you

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49
Q

Direction of light through eye

A

Cornea-pupil-lens-retina-photoreceptors-ganglion cells-brain

50
Q

2 general types of photoreceptors

A

Ross and cones

51
Q

Rods

A

Sensitive to under low light and provide grainy images

52
Q

In dark we use rods or cones more

A

Rods

53
Q

Cones

A

Sensitive to different wave lengths of light sober rely on them for colour vision

54
Q

Fovea

A

Central of the visual field

55
Q

Cones are clustered around …

A

Fovea

56
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Rods and cones are adjusting their sensitivity to darker lighting conditions

57
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Colour vision is determined by 3 main colour red blue and green

58
Q

Negative afterimage

A

Stare at one colour for long time and look away will cause negative after image of different colour

59
Q

Staring at something red turns ..

A

Green

60
Q

Staring at something black turns…

A

White

61
Q

Staring at something green turns..

A

Red

62
Q

Oppenent-process theory

A

We perceive colours in terms of opposing pair

63
Q

Red to..

A

Green

64
Q

Black to..

A

White

65
Q

Yellow to..

A

Blue

66
Q

Nearsighted

A

Eye is elongated

67
Q

Farsighted

A

Eye is too short, the light isn’t bent when reached retina does hit proper spot

68
Q

Glasses ….

A

Bend light as proper spot

69
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Point where the optic nerve cross at midline of brain. Splits and travels to both sides left and right

70
Q

Left half of visual field is initially processed by ..

A

Right hemisphere

71
Q

Right half of visual feild is initially processed by ..

A

Left hemisphere

72
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LCN)

A

Processing visual info fibres from nuclear, sends messages to visual cortex

73
Q

Visual cortex has two streams of vision:

A

Ventral stream and dorsal stream

74
Q

Ventral stream

A

Deals with processing visual info about objects identity

75
Q

Perceptual consistencies

A

Ability to perceive objects as having constant shape size and colour despite changes in perspective

76
Q

Shape constancy

A

Judge object relative to our position

77
Q

Colour constancy

A

Being able to recognize an objects colour under varying levels of illumination

78
Q

Size constancy

A

Judgments of how close an object is relative to ones position as weak as the positions of objects

79
Q

Dorsal system

A

Deals with processing visual info for the purpose of guiding motor actions

80
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to use vision to guide our actions is dependent on our depth perception

81
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Differing perspective of both eyes

82
Q

Convergence

A

Occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object

83
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes which provides info to the brain about depth

84
Q

2 steps to sensing the world around us

A
  • sensation

- perception

85
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Cues that we can perceive with only one eye

86
Q

Accommodation

A

Lens of eyes curves to allow focus on nearby objects, helps make judgment about depth

87
Q

Motion parallax

A

Used when your surroundings are in motion t

88
Q

Interpolation

A

Where an object is closer then another one beam cause it covers part of the other object

89
Q

Object brightness

A

Objects that are futher away will be at lower intensity vs high intensity for our retinas

90
Q

Linear perspective

A

Occurs when parallel lines go into the distance

91
Q

Texture gradient

A

Far objects tend to be less defined and blurry the farther the distance

92
Q

Height in plane

A

Objects that are higher in our visual field tend to be further away

93
Q

Relative size

A

Object will project a smaller image if it’s further away from us

94
Q

Ears are designed to…

A

Collect soundwaves and to transform into neural signals for the brain

95
Q

Sound frequency

A

Pitch of the sound that is based on speed of the molecules in the air are traveling

96
Q

Pitch

A

Perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies

97
Q

Sound amplitude

A

Height of wave, higher is louder lower is quiet

98
Q

Human audible range

A

Can hear from 50hz to 20000 hz

99
Q

Ear consists of 3 parts

A
  • pinna
  • auditory canal
  • eardrum
100
Q

Pinna

A

Outer region that helps channel in the sounds waves and know where it’s coming from

101
Q

Auditory canal

A

Tube from pinna to ear drum

102
Q

Ear drum

A

Vibrates the ear drum at same frequency of sound waves

103
Q

Main function of auditory ossicles

A

Strengthen the signal provided by the eardrum before transferring that info along inner ear

104
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid inside that converts sound vibrations into neural impulses

105
Q

Sound localization

A

Identifying where the sound is coming from

106
Q

Two ways that help is find origin of sound:

A
  • arrives at ears at different times

- sound will arrive at higher intensity to whatever ear is oriented to the origin of sound (sound shadow)

107
Q

Place theory of hearing

A

Idea that hair cells can tell if the sound is a high frequency of low frequency

108
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Major centre of brain involved in perceiving what we hear, respond to specific frequencies

109
Q

Secondary auditory cortex

A

Helps us understand complex sounds

110
Q

Two point threshold device for measuring touch acuity

A

The more sensitive regions on the body con detect two points even when they are spaced very close together, less sensitive parts of the body have much larger two point thresholds

111
Q

Haptics

A

Active exploration of objects to learn the properties

112
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Sensors in our muscles joints and tendons that give us a sense of the bodily motion and position

113
Q

Nocoception

A

The activity of the nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable situations, send pain messages to central nervous system

114
Q

Fast fibres

A

Sharp intense pain caused by physical injury

115
Q

Slow fibres

A

Throbbing pain when occurs after injury occurs

116
Q

Gate control theory

A

Explanation of the feeling of pain and why the among of actual damage doesn’t always relate to the intensity of pain that one receives (small pinch, huge pain)

117
Q

Gustatory system

A

Functions in The sensation and perception of taste

118
Q

Primary tastes

A

Salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami

119
Q

Papillae

A

Receptors for taste, lines with tastebuds

120
Q

Olfactory system

A

Detection of airborne molecules floating around that make their way into our noses

121
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Thin layer of cell that are lined by sensory reception called cilia

Psych 1200 (11 decks)

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