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Psych 1200 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Development Psychology

A

study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan

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2
Q

Cohort effects

A

differences between people that result from being born in different times periods

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3
Q

Attrition

A

participants drop out go a study for somer reason such as moving away or lost interest

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4
Q

Sensitive period

A

window of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation needed for normal development of a specific ability

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5
Q

What occurs during the germinal stage of pregnancy

A

(conception- 2 weeks) migration of blastocyst from the fallopian tubes, plants in uterus. Cellular division = organ, nervous, skin tissues

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6
Q

What occurs during the embryonic stage of pregnancy

A

(2-8 weeks) cell layers become differentiated, major structures (head, limbs, etc) emerge, embryo attaches to placenta

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7
Q

What occurs during the fetal stage of pregnancy

A

(8 weeks- birth) brain development, bodily systems (respiratory, digestive, etc) develop, sex organs appear

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8
Q

Zygote

A

initial cell formed when nuclei of egg and sperm fuse

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9
Q

What week is the differentiation between the berkelium, cerebral hemisphere, and brain stem apparent

A

11 weeks

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10
Q

What week is the forebrain, midbrain and hind break apparent

A

4 weeks

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11
Q

Myelin

A

insulates nerve cells, enabling them to conduct message more rapidly and efficiently

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12
Q

Newborns brain is about how big compared tor adult

A

25% the size of adults

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13
Q

Pregnant woman require how much more energy during pregnancy

A

20%

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14
Q

Children who are malnourished in the womb are more likely to..

A

experience attention deficit disorders and diffucuulties

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15
Q

Teratogens

A

substances such as drugs and environmental toxins that impair process of development

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16
Q

Thalidomides caused what deficits

A

miscarriages, deaf, blindness, phocomelia

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17
Q

Phocomelia

A

victims hands and feet or both emerge directly out of their hips or shoulders and function like flippers

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18
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

involves abnormalities inmental functioning, growth, and facial development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during their pregnancy

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19
Q

How many causes of FAS occur worldwide

A

1 in 1000

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20
Q

Babies born to mothers who smoke are ..

A

twice as likely to have low birth weight and 30% more likely to have premature birth or SIDS

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21
Q

Preterm infants

A

babies born earlier than 36 weeks

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22
Q

NIDCAP

A

intervention in which preterm infants are closely observed and given intensive care drying essrly development

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23
Q

Kangaroo care

A

focuses on promoting skin to skin contact between infants and caregivers

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24
Q

What month does the brain start receiving signals grout the eyes and ears

A

4 months

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25
Q

What month can infants not only hear but seem to be actively listening

A

7-8 months

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26
Q

How old are babies when they have control of voluntary motor movements

A

5 months

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27
Q

Reflexes

A

involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation

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28
Q

Rooting reflex

A

when touch a side of a babies month and which causes infants to orientate themselves toward the stimulation and make sucking motions

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29
Q

Moro reflex

A

occurs when infants lose support of their head, they grimace and reach forward in hugging motion, protective reflex to reach for mother when losing support

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30
Q

Grasping reflex

A

stimulating infants palm, the grasp is remarkably strong and safely holds on to caregiver

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31
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

forming of new synaptic connections

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32
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

lose of weak nerve cell connections

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33
Q

Cognitive development

A

study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan

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34
Q

Assimilation

A

conservative process, whereby people fit nee infinite the belief they already possess

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35
Q

Accommodation

A

creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experiences

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36
Q

Sensorimotor

A

from birth to 2 yrs during which infants thinking about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory and motor experiences

37
Q

Object permanence

A

ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived

38
Q

Preoperartional stage

A

(2-7 yrs) devoted to language development, using symbols. pretend play, and mastering the concept of conservation

39
Q

Conservation

A

knowledge that quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement

40
Q

Scale errors

A

children interaction with miniatures or toy sized objects as if they were the real thing

41
Q

Concrete opperational stage

A

(7-11 yrs) involves the development of advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking

42
Q

Core knowledge hypothesis

A

proposes that infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment

43
Q

Habituation

A

refers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event

44
Q

Dishabituation

A

increase in responsiveness with he presentation of a new stimulus

45
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

development is ideal when children attempt skills and activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are attentive to their progress

46
Q

Scaffolding

A

highly attentive approach to teaching in which teacher matches guidance to the learners needs

47
Q

Attachment

A

enduring emotional bond formed between individuals

48
Q

Stress anxiety

A

signs of distress that infants begin to show towards strangers at about 8 months old

49
Q

Strange situation

A

way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort

50
Q

Secure attachment

A

child shows some distress when caregiver leaves, and avoids strangers. relieved when caregivers come back seeks comfort

51
Q

2 subtypes of insecure attachment

A
  • anxious/resistant

- avoidant

52
Q

Anxious/resistant

A

clingy to caregiver, very upset when caregiver leaves and scared of stranger, when caregiver is back child seeks comfort but also resists and pushes away

53
Q

Avoidant

A

child behaves as though they don’t need the caregiver, child is unaffected when caregiver leaves and unconcerned about stranger, when caregiver returns doesn’t seek comfort

54
Q

Disorganized

A

realizing that caregiver is source of fear and comfort, confused whether or not they want caregiver comfort or not

55
Q

Self awareness

A

ability to recognize ones individuality

56
Q

Egocentric

A

meaning that they only consider their own perspective

57
Q

Theory of mind

A

ability to recognize the thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others, and to understand that these can be different from ones own

58
Q

Attachment behavioural system

A

focused on meeting our own needs for security

59
Q

Caregiver behavioural system

A

focused on meeting the needs of others

60
Q

Introjection

A

internalization of the condition regard of significant others

61
Q

Inductive discipline

A

involved explaining the consequences of a child’s actions on other people, activating empathy for others feelings

62
Q

Primary sex traits

A

changes in the body that are part of the reproduction

63
Q

Secondary sex traits

A

changes in the body tat are not part of reproduction

64
Q

Menarche

A

onset of menstruation

65
Q

Spermarche

A

first ejaculation of sperm

66
Q

Delay gratification

A

putting off immediate temptations in order to focus on longer term goals

67
Q

Adolescents have less developed ______ which causes…

A

frontal lobes; impulse decisions

68
Q

Social intuitionist model of mortality

A

argues that moral judgements are guided by intuitive, emotional reactions

69
Q

Preconventional morality

A

characterized by self-interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment

70
Q

Conventional morality

A

regards social conventions and rules as guides for appropriate moral behaviour

71
Q

Postconventional morality

A

considers rules and laws as relative

72
Q

Crowds

A

larger than cliques characterized by common behaviour

73
Q

Identity

A

clear sense of what kind of person you are, what types of people you belong with, and what roles you should play in society

74
Q

What percentage of teens aged 15-19 report having sex

A

40-50%

75
Q

Young adulthood is what age span

A

18-40 yrs

76
Q

Middle adulthood is what age span

A

40-65 yrs

77
Q

Older adulthood is what age span

A

65 +

78
Q

Menopause

A

termination of the menstrual cycle

79
Q

Dementia

A

mild to sever disruption of mental functioning, memory loss, disorientation, poor judgement, and decision making

80
Q

Approx how many adults older than 71 have dementia

A

14%

81
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

degenerative and termal condition resulting in severe damage of the entire brain

82
Q

Brains of people with Alzheimers have ..

A

beta amyloid protein which kills nerve cells

83
Q

What percent of marriages end in divorce

A

40%`

84
Q

4 horse man of the apocalypse

A
  • criticism
  • defensiveness
  • contempt
  • stonewalling
85
Q

Contempt

A

when you feel superior to your partner

86
Q

Stonewalling

A

stone silence, one word answer, etc

87
Q

Generativity

A

being engage in meaningful and productive world, as well as making contribution to future generations

88
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory

A

described how older people have learned to pay more attenuate to positive experiences and set goals that emphasize positive emotions and meaningful connections

Psych 1200 (11 decks)

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