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Psych 1200 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of motivation concerns the

A

physiological and psychological processes and underlying and the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms to specific goals

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2
Q

Drive

A

biological trigger than tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

bodys physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in the response to the outer environment

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4
Q

Allostasis

A

motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs

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5
Q

Maternal region of hypothalamus signals

A

when its time to eat

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6
Q

Ventromedial and paraventricular regions signals

A

when it is time to stop eating

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7
Q

Glucose

A

sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body

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8
Q

Satiation

A

point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat, caused by CCK

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9
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates stomach contractions and appetite

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10
Q

Unit bias

A

tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning in an appreciate about to consume

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11
Q

Researchers have concluded that increasing the size of dishes increases consumption by..

A

18-25% for meals and 30-45% for snacks

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12
Q

Examples if whether the presence of other people increases or decreases out motivation to eat is influenced by the social situation

A
  • Social facilitations
  • Impression management
  • Modelling
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13
Q

Social facilitation

A

eating more, pressure to eat more and sitting longer at the table

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14
Q

Impression management

A

eating less, control their behavior so that others see them a certain way

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15
Q

Modelling

A

eating whatever they eat, eating more/less dependent on who you are around and the situation

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16
Q

Obesity

A

disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

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17
Q

What percent of canadians have a height and weight ratio that classifies them as obese

A

20%

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18
Q

Over how many canadian adults would be classified as obese

A

60%

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19
Q

Why are obesity rates so high

A
  • huge variety of foods available
  • evolutionary need to crave fatty foods
  • economics, where poor people are more obese than rich
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20
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder that involves self starvation and intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with ones body and denial of serious consequences of severely low weight

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21
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder thats characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating and purging

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22
Q

Why do eating disorders occur in some and not in others

A
  • stress making them feel like they have no control

- depression, anxiety, guilt,

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23
Q

___ ____ is often viewed as the number one cause of anorexia and bulemia

A

peer influence

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24
Q

Families are a major influence on individuals with an..

A

eating disorder

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25
Q

Reproduction suppression hypothesis

A

states that females who believe they have low levels of social support from romantic partners and family members are more likely to engage in dieting behaviour, leads to loss of periods

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26
Q

Libido

A

motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

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27
Q

First scientist to study human sexual behaviour

A

Alfred kinsey

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28
Q

Masters and Johnsons study

A

described the human sexual response cycle based on observations of male and female prostituites who agreed to masturbate or have sec while under observation

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29
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

described the phases of physiological change during sexual activity which comprises four primary stages

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30
Q

4 primary stages of sexual activity

A
  • excitement
  • plateau
  • orgasm
  • resolution
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31
Q

Refractory period

A

time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible

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32
Q

Do women have refractory period

A

no, can experience multiple orgasms

33
Q

Men and females have similar

A

subjective experiences during orgasms

34
Q

Hormone released when experiencing orgasm

A

oxytocin and dopamine

35
Q

Sexual orientation

A

consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex, same sex or either sex

36
Q

Simon LeVay tested what

A

sizes of deceased gay and straight mens brains, hypothalamus (NAH3) was smaller in gay men

37
Q

Gender roles

A

accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society

38
Q

Sexual scripts

A

set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females

39
Q

Testosterone

A

hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and the motivation of sexual behaviour

40
Q

Sex guilt

A

negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour

41
Q

Self actualization

A

point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep thinking and accepting human being

42
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

according to abraham maslow, human needs are organized as a hierarchy with basic needs at the bottom and personal fulfillment and others at the top

43
Q

Need to belong (affiliation motivation)

A

motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each persons well being

44
Q

Who proposed the first scientific model of love

A

Berscheid and walter

45
Q

Love is composed of 2 main components

A
  • passionate love

- companionate love

46
Q

Passionate love

A

associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person

47
Q

Companionate love

A

related to tenderness and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person

48
Q

When in love what hormones are given off from the brain receptors

A

oxytocin and dopamine

49
Q

Factors influencing commitment

A
  • initial strength of attraction
  • number of barriers to leaving the relationship
  • the availability of alternatives
50
Q

Achievement motivation

A

drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals

51
Q

Approach goal

A

enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or feeling of satisfaction

52
Q

Avoidance goal

A

attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing memory, or feeling emotional pain

53
Q

3 universal needs

A
  • relatedness
  • autonomy
  • competence
54
Q

Self efficacy

A

individual’s confidence that he/she can play and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem

55
Q

Self determination theory

A

individual’s ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well being is influenced by the degree to which he/she is in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals

56
Q

Extrinsic motivation (performance motivation

A

motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition or avoiding embarrassment

57
Q

Amotivational

A

feeling of having little or no motivation to perform behaviour

58
Q

Intrinsic motivation (mastery motive)

A

process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and over coming challenges

59
Q

Over justification effect

A

if you give someone a reward for intrinsically motivated behaviour, the intrinsic motivation decreases, as does the frequency of the behaviour

60
Q

Framing effect

A

when the correct course of action is not obvious, the different phrasing of the question or problem can produce different results

61
Q

Emotion is behaviour with the following 3 components

A
  • subjective thought and/or experience
  • accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal
  • observable behavioural expression
62
Q

Amygdala

A

group of nuclei in the middle portion of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere

63
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

helps recruit energy to prepare you for a response

64
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

helps preserve energy and calms you down if no response is necessary

65
Q

Autonomic nervous system composed of

A
  • sympathetic nervous system

- parasympathetic nervous system

66
Q

Fast pathways are routed through the…

A

sensory areas of the brain through the amygdala directly to the ANS

67
Q

Slow pathways are routed through the..

A

cortex where situation is processed at high levels of awareness

68
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

the view suggested that our physiological reactions to stimuli precede the emotional experience

69
Q

According to the James-Lange theory emotion would be experienced in following way..

A
  • based on your initial perception of a stimulus, you heart starts to race
  • your brain receives feedback about that response
  • then the brain decides that based on the feedback it has received you should feel fear
70
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

suggested that the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body

71
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

suggests that our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states (james-lange)

72
Q

Two factor theory

A

holds that patterns of physical arousal and cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences

73
Q

Schachter and Signer performed what study

A

participants were given different cognitive labels for the same physical feelings

74
Q

Three groups part of Schachter and Singer’s study

A
  • informed group
  • Ignorant hroup
  • misinformed group
75
Q

Polygraph

A

measures whether heart rate and sweating increase when a person responds to different events or questions

76
Q

Microexpression

A

real emotional response can be seen on our faces before we can hide it

77
Q

Duchenne’s smiles

A

involve a crinkling of muscles at the corner of the eye

78
Q

Emotional dialects

A

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

79
Q

Display rules

A

refer to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion

Psych 1200 (11 decks)

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