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Psych 1200 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of motivation concerns the

A

physiological and psychological processes and underlying and the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms to specific goals

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2
Q

Drive

A

biological trigger than tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

bodys physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in the response to the outer environment

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4
Q

Allostasis

A

motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs

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5
Q

Maternal region of hypothalamus signals

A

when its time to eat

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6
Q

Ventromedial and paraventricular regions signals

A

when it is time to stop eating

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7
Q

Glucose

A

sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body

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8
Q

Satiation

A

point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat, caused by CCK

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9
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates stomach contractions and appetite

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10
Q

Unit bias

A

tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning in an appreciate about to consume

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11
Q

Researchers have concluded that increasing the size of dishes increases consumption by..

A

18-25% for meals and 30-45% for snacks

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12
Q

Examples if whether the presence of other people increases or decreases out motivation to eat is influenced by the social situation

A
  • Social facilitations
  • Impression management
  • Modelling
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13
Q

Social facilitation

A

eating more, pressure to eat more and sitting longer at the table

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14
Q

Impression management

A

eating less, control their behavior so that others see them a certain way

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15
Q

Modelling

A

eating whatever they eat, eating more/less dependent on who you are around and the situation

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16
Q

Obesity

A

disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

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17
Q

What percent of canadians have a height and weight ratio that classifies them as obese

A

20%

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18
Q

Over how many canadian adults would be classified as obese

A

60%

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19
Q

Why are obesity rates so high

A
  • huge variety of foods available
  • evolutionary need to crave fatty foods
  • economics, where poor people are more obese than rich
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20
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder that involves self starvation and intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with ones body and denial of serious consequences of severely low weight

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21
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder thats characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge eating and purging

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22
Q

Why do eating disorders occur in some and not in others

A
  • stress making them feel like they have no control

- depression, anxiety, guilt,

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23
Q

___ ____ is often viewed as the number one cause of anorexia and bulemia

A

peer influence

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24
Q

Families are a major influence on individuals with an..

A

eating disorder

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25
Reproduction suppression hypothesis
states that females who believe they have low levels of social support from romantic partners and family members are more likely to engage in dieting behaviour, leads to loss of periods
26
Libido
motivation for sexual activity and pleasure
27
First scientist to study human sexual behaviour
Alfred kinsey
28
Masters and Johnsons study
described the human sexual response cycle based on observations of male and female prostituites who agreed to masturbate or have sec while under observation
29
Sexual response cycle
described the phases of physiological change during sexual activity which comprises four primary stages
30
4 primary stages of sexual activity
- excitement - plateau - orgasm - resolution
31
Refractory period
time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible
32
Do women have refractory period
no, can experience multiple orgasms
33
Men and females have similar
subjective experiences during orgasms
34
Hormone released when experiencing orgasm
oxytocin and dopamine
35
Sexual orientation
consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex, same sex or either sex
36
Simon LeVay tested what
sizes of deceased gay and straight mens brains, hypothalamus (NAH3) was smaller in gay men
37
Gender roles
accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society
38
Sexual scripts
set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females
39
Testosterone
hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and the motivation of sexual behaviour
40
Sex guilt
negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour
41
Self actualization
point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep thinking and accepting human being
42
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
according to abraham maslow, human needs are organized as a hierarchy with basic needs at the bottom and personal fulfillment and others at the top
43
Need to belong (affiliation motivation)
motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each persons well being
44
Who proposed the first scientific model of love
Berscheid and walter
45
Love is composed of 2 main components
- passionate love | - companionate love
46
Passionate love
associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person
47
Companionate love
related to tenderness and to the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person
48
When in love what hormones are given off from the brain receptors
oxytocin and dopamine
49
Factors influencing commitment
- initial strength of attraction - number of barriers to leaving the relationship - the availability of alternatives
50
Achievement motivation
drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals
51
Approach goal
enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or feeling of satisfaction
52
Avoidance goal
attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing memory, or feeling emotional pain
53
3 universal needs
- relatedness - autonomy - competence
54
Self efficacy
individual's confidence that he/she can play and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem
55
Self determination theory
individual's ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well being is influenced by the degree to which he/she is in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals
56
Extrinsic motivation (performance motivation
motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition or avoiding embarrassment
57
Amotivational
feeling of having little or no motivation to perform behaviour
58
Intrinsic motivation (mastery motive)
process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and over coming challenges
59
Over justification effect
if you give someone a reward for intrinsically motivated behaviour, the intrinsic motivation decreases, as does the frequency of the behaviour
60
Framing effect
when the correct course of action is not obvious, the different phrasing of the question or problem can produce different results
61
Emotion is behaviour with the following 3 components
- subjective thought and/or experience - accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal - observable behavioural expression
62
Amygdala
group of nuclei in the middle portion of the temporal lobes in each hemisphere
63
Sympathetic nervous system
helps recruit energy to prepare you for a response
64
Parasympathetic nervous system
helps preserve energy and calms you down if no response is necessary
65
Autonomic nervous system composed of
- sympathetic nervous system | - parasympathetic nervous system
66
Fast pathways are routed through the...
sensory areas of the brain through the amygdala directly to the ANS
67
Slow pathways are routed through the..
cortex where situation is processed at high levels of awareness
68
James-Lange theory of emotion
the view suggested that our physiological reactions to stimuli precede the emotional experience
69
According to the James-Lange theory emotion would be experienced in following way..
- based on your initial perception of a stimulus, you heart starts to race - your brain receives feedback about that response - then the brain decides that based on the feedback it has received you should feel fear
70
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
suggested that the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings and that these representations in the brain trigger responses in the body
71
Facial feedback hypothesis
suggests that our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional states (james-lange)
72
Two factor theory
holds that patterns of physical arousal and cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences
73
Schachter and Signer performed what study
participants were given different cognitive labels for the same physical feelings
74
Three groups part of Schachter and Singer's study
- informed group - Ignorant hroup - misinformed group
75
Polygraph
measures whether heart rate and sweating increase when a person responds to different events or questions
76
Microexpression
real emotional response can be seen on our faces before we can hide it
77
Duchenne's smiles
involve a crinkling of muscles at the corner of the eye
78
Emotional dialects
variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed
79
Display rules
refer to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion

Psych 1200 (11 decks)

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