Chapter 12 Flashcards
Personality
characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual and remains relatively consistent over time and situations
Idiographic approach
focuses on creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics
Nomothetic approach
examine personality in large groups of people, with he aim of making generalizations about personality structure
Personality trait
describes a persons habitual patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
First persons to tally words to describe an individuals physical and physiological attributes
Gordon Allport
Barnum effect
Scientist Bertam Forer gave research participants a personality test and then generated a description of subjects personalities which they believed was based on their test responses, participants found them convincing and rated them 4/5 on how accurate when all the participants were given same description
Factor analysis
used to group items that people respond to similarly (ex: terms friendly. warm, kind are similar meaning and can be grouped to a factor)
Five factor model
trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions
Individuals high on openness..
are the dreamers and creatives; they tend to be more open to new things
Individuals low on openness
are the defenders of the system, preferring the conventional, the tried and true. they avoid the unknown and find security in the known.
Highly conscientious people are..
the organizers, efficient, self disciplined, and dependable. they are the ones who meet deadlines, plan ahead to achieve their goals and are comfortable with schedules and lists
Low conscientious people are…
easy going ones, fun to hang out with, but not great for group projects, tend to be disorganized, careless with details, and have difficulty meeting deadlines, uncomfortable w/ schedules
Extraversion are the..
socializaers and sensation seekers. they are comfortable in more stimulating environments and love company of others, outgoing and energetic. They are fun to be around, but sometimes take things too far puts them at high risk for dangerous activities
Introverts are the..
quiet ones, they like social contact, introverts also need time for solitary actives. can be overwhelmed by the high levels of stimulation. tend to be more cautious and reserved
Highly agreeable people..
are warm and friendly people, easy to like and be friends with. kind compassionate, helpful.. place a lot of value on getting along with people and generally willing to put own interests side in order to please others
Low agreeable people..
are the type who put themselves first. they value being authentic more than pandering others needs. more assertive, tend to be seen as cold, unfriendly unkind.
People high in neuroticism are..
often difficult to deal with as their emotional volatility and general tendency to experience negative emotions makes them not much fun to be around, tend to be sensitive, get frustrated over small things. most vulnerable to anxiety and depressive disorders
People low in neuroticism are…
prototypical mentally healthy people, tend to be secure and confident let go of negative emotions easily. Excellent at managing emotions and considered stable
Acronym for 5 factor model
ocean
HEXACO model of personality
6 factor theory that generally replicates the 5 factor FFM and adds one additional factor; honestly-humility
High on honestly and humility ..
tend to be sincere, honey, faithful and modest
Low on honestly and humility
deceitful, greedy, pompous
Dark triad
refers to three traits; Machiavellians, psychopathy, and narcissism- that describes a person ho is cosmically destructive, aggressive, dishonest, and likely commit harm in general
Machiavellianism
tendency to use people and to manipulative and deceitful. individuals scoring high tend to lack respect for others and focus predominantly on their own self interest. treat theories as means to their own desired ends
Psychopathy
general tendency toward having shallow emotional responses, scoring high veer toward highly stimulating actives and tend to feel little empathy for others. get thrill out of conflict, exerting control, harming other w/ little remorse
Narcissism
reflects an egotistical preoccupation with self image and excessive focus on self importance. Can be charming but difficult to have relationships with tend to put themselves first.
Right-Wing authoritarianism
highly problematic set of personality characteristics involve 3 key tendencies
3 key tendencies
- obeying orders and deferring to the established authorities in society
- supporting aggression against those who dissent or differ from the established social order
- believing strongly in maintaining the existing social order
3 main temperaments were identified in study that followed child 3 years old to adulthood
- well adjusted
- undercontrolled
- inhibited
10 years later children who were under controlled had become
much more likely to engage in externalizing behaviour and somewhat more internalizing behaviours
10 years later children who were inhibited developed
strong internalizing behaviour patterns
At 21 children who were under controlled were showing
serious relationship difficulties
State
temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour
4 general aspects of situations that are most likely to influence our behaviour
- locations
- associations
- activities
- subjective states
Reciprocal determinism
behaviour, internal factors, and external factors interact to determine one another and that our personalities are bas on interaction among these three aspects (albert bandura)
Behaviourist account of personality
behaviourists thought that what physiologists call personality was an expression of relationships between behaviour, rewards and punishment. avoid referring to personality traits and dispositions, but focus on how past experiences predict future behaviour
