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Psych 1200 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Concepts

A

metal representations of specific objects, events, or ideas (apply pie, cherry pie)

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2
Q

Categories

A

larher group of concepts based on their similarity to one another (pies)

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3
Q

Classical categorization approach

A

we grip together objects and events into categories because they share common defining features

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4
Q

Graded membership

A

some members are better representatives than others

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5
Q

Sentence verification technique

A

experiment asking true or false like a “robin is a bird’ people are faster to say yes than if asked a “penguin is a bird”

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6
Q

Prototype

A

the average of all members of a category (seeing motorcycle unlike one you have seen before but knowing it is still a motorcycle)

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7
Q

Semontic network

A

connection to similar concepts will be closer than ones with dissimilar concepts

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8
Q

Top level of semontic network

A

superordinate level

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9
Q

Bottom level of semontic network

A

subordinate level

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10
Q

Middle of semontic network

A

basic

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11
Q

Linguistic relativity (whorfran hypothesis)

A

Idea that differences in languages between cultures change the way members of those cultures actually perceive the world

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12
Q

2 routes to problem solving, judgments and decision making

A
  • algorithm

- heuristics

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13
Q

Algorithm

A

slow, logical and step by step solution to a problem based on a set of rules

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14
Q

Heuristics

A

relying on past experience to make a quick and reasonable guess as to the problems solution

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15
Q

Cognitive obstacles

A

when you can’t think of the normal solution (nine dot obstacle)

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16
Q

Functional fixedness

A

tendency to treat objects as only serving one function

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17
Q

Representation heuristic

A

assumption that all members of a category share the same features based on ones experience with only a small number of category members (meeting a jon thinking he is rude then judging jobs based on that)

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18
Q

Base rates

A

same group of people that do a certain thing will be smaller than the group of people that dont

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19
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

failure to appreciate that the probability of two events occurring together must be lower than the probability of either of those events occurring alone

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20
Q

The availability heuristic

A

making judgements about the frequency with which events occur based on how easy it is for us to think of examples

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21
Q

The anchoring effect

A

restrictions in a persons numerical judgements based solely on their exposure to same number

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22
Q

High number in anchoring effect =

A

high estimate

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23
Q

Low number in anchoring effect =

A

low estimate

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24
Q

Framing effects

A

when the mere wording of a question has a biasing influence on our judgements or decision making

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25
Q

Belief perseverance

A

persisting in ones pre existing beliefs, despite exposure to evidence that contradicts those beliefs

26
Q

Conformation bias

A

seeking out and attending to evidence that supports some belief while also actively avoiding evidence that contradicts that belief

27
Q

2 different types of decision makers

A
  • maximizers

- satisficers

28
Q

Maximizers

A

thoroughly explore the pros and cons associated with every option in an effort to make the best possible choice

29
Q

Satisficers

A

do very little research and simply choose the first option that fulfills some minimum set of criteria

30
Q

Which type of decision maker is usually happier with their choices?

A

satisficers

31
Q

Paul Brocca

A

first made studies noticeable in this field (frontal lobe)

32
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

published important study after Brocca (left temporal lobe)

33
Q

Aphasia

A

any specific impairment in the ability to produce or comprehend language

34
Q

Aphasia is usually damage in the ______ lobe

A

frontal

35
Q

Brocca’s aphasia

A

an impairment in the ability to produce language through speech

36
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

an impairment in the ability to comprehend spoken language

37
Q

Language

A

a rule based means of communication, using spoken, written, or gestural symbols

38
Q

Advantages of language

A
  • allows us to communicate about things that are not physically present
  • allows for creating symbols to represent completely novel concepts that may not even exist in reality
  • can b transferred from one generation to the next
39
Q

Language productivity

A

the basic units of language permit an almost infinite number of combinations

40
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest unit of language, the units of sound that we use to form words

41
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest meaningful units of language

42
Q

Semantics

A

the study of how people learn the meaning of words

43
Q

Orthography

A

the visual representation of words (reading)

44
Q

Phonology

A

the speech based representation of words (talking)

45
Q

Dyslexia

A

Particular deficit in reading that can occur in individuals who are otherwise of normal intelligence

46
Q

Primary difficulty for dyslexic people are

A

translating the orthography words into phonological representation

47
Q

Syntax

A

the rules that define the acceptable order of combining words into phrases and sentences

48
Q

Noun phrase

A

“all rule-following sentences”

49
Q

Verb phrase

A

“must have a noun phrase and a verb phrase”

50
Q

Pragmatics

A

non linguistic aspects of our communication with language such as body language, tone of voice and reliance on cultural expression that one not to be taken literally (helps understand sarcasm)

51
Q

We are born with ability to see __ _____ but don’t use that many, in english we use __ _____

A

200 phonemes; 40 phonemes

52
Q

Dr. Werker

A

“This doll’ vs “your doll” detected young infants can detects the difference in the d sound

53
Q

Other features of infants that support language acquisition

A
  • infants prefer speech sounds to other types of sounds
  • prefer phoneme combinations that are common in the language they are exposed to
  • prefer hearing nouns and verbs over other words
54
Q

Naming explosion

A

through infancy and toddlerhood humans learn so fast it qualifies as a type of explosion

55
Q

Fast mapping

A

very young children appear to learn many words with only one single exposure

56
Q

Overgeneralization errors

A

“we goed to the park, i chased the gooses”

57
Q

Sensitive period

A

the early period in our lifespan, during which equitation on language occurs quite easily and naturally can pick up languages easier

58
Q

Cross fostering

A

placing a chimpanzee to be raised as a member of a human family

59
Q

Lexigrams

A

small symbols used for communication

60
Q

Concerns about chimpanzee’s capacity for language

A
  • no chimp has used language to form complex phrases
  • no chimp has passed their knowledge of language to kids
  • no chimp has generated a new symbol as a way to make reference to an unfamiliar object of event (productivity function)
  • working so close with chimps may compromise the objectivity of the researchers involved in chimps language studies

Psych 1200 (11 decks)

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