Chapters 8/9 Flashcards
High-contrast vs. Low-contrast Communication in Cultures
Low-contrast communication relies on verbal messages to convey meaning.
High-contrast communication uses body language, tone, verbal messages, etc…
Direct vs. Indirect Communication
refers to the extent the speaker’s intent is obvious.
Direct communication- very obvious
Indirect communication- hard to understand, not obvious
Self-Enhancement vs. Self-Effacement
how one refers to their effort or performance.
Self-Enhancement emphasizes boasting about one’s accomplishments.
Self-Effacement emphasizes the importance of being humble, plays down their efforts.
Responding Styles
- Evaluative- the listener makes a judgement providing feedback on what they heard. Example: “This will never work”
- Interpretive- how the listener perceives the the speaker’s intents. Example: “You’re just saying that because you lost the account”
- Supportive- reassures the speaker. Example: “Don’t worry it’ll work out.”
- Probing- attempting to get more information from the speaker. Example: “Why do you think that?”
- Understanding- the listener’s only intent is to ensure they understand. Example: “You are sad because your cat died?”
Transactional model
reactions to the speaker’s messages makes the speaker modify what they say next.
Noise
interferences of communication, can be anything from environmental factors, internal thoughts, not sharing mutual experiences, languages, or cultures.
Arc of Distortion
the difference between what the sender intended to say and what the receiver understood.
Assertiveness
ability to communicate clearly and directly what is needed from the listener.
Perceptual Process
Stage 1: Selective Attention
Stage 2: Organization
Stage 3: Evaluation or inference
Selective Attention (stage 1 of the perceptual process)
filtering the information our senses receive, this can be affected by internal or external factors.
Organization (stage 2 of the perceptual process)
organizing stimuli into patterns or schemas that make sense to us. Patterns of antithesis (opposites), cause-and-effect, etc…
Evaluation or inference (stage 3 of the perceptual process)
interpreting the stimuli based on our attitudes, experiences, values, etc…
Social Identity Theory
People perceive themselves and others in terms of social categories, and and determine their value by comparing these groups, they then respond to the world in terms of their identity.
Johari Window
Johari Window is an information processing model consisting of 4 quadrants of whether the information is known or not known to oneself. The four quadrants are:
- Arena
- Facade
- Blindspot
- Unknown
Arena (quadrant 1)
people see me as I see myself. (known to others and self)
Facade (quadrant 3)
people see a ‘false me’, I put on a mask so they do not see the ‘real me’. (known to self but not others)
Blindspot (quadrant 2)
people know certain things about me that they might not tell me. (not known to self but known to others)
Unknown (quadrant 4)
things neither I or others see in myself. (not known to self or others)
The D.I.E. Model
Description- the situation
Interpretation- how you see the situation
Evaluation- your decision on the situation
Attribution Theory
when people observe behaviour they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Three types of information that help us make judgements:
- Consensus
- Consistency
- Distinctiveness
Consensus (Attribution Theory)
the extent that others behave in the same manner (do others behave similarly)
Consistency (Attribution Theory)
the extent that the person repeats this behaviour other times (did the person act this way before)
Distinctiveness (Attribution Theory)
the extent the person behaves the same in different contexts. (does the person act this way in other contexts)
Perception
the process of selecting, organizing, and evaluating stimuli from our environment and make it meaningful to ourselves.
The Halo-Effect
when our perception of a person is dominated by one characteristic.
Projection
the tendency to attribute one’s own feelings onto another person to relieve our own sense of guilt or failure.
Perceptual Defense
defenses that act as a filter to block what we do not wish to see and only let in what we do want to see.
Subconscious Cultural Blinders
use of our own cultural assumptions to interpret foreign cultures.
Lack of Cultural Awareness
unaware of our cultural values, norms, and the way other cultures perceive us.
Projected Similarity
assume people from other cultures are more similar to our culture than they actually are.
Self-Serving Bias
the tendency to blame failures on external factors and successes on internal factors
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements of others behaviour.
