Chapter 6

Question 1

7 types of values that motivate behaviour

Answer 1

Prosocial

Restrictive Conformity

Enjoyment

Achievement

Maturity

Self-Direction

Security

Question 2

Prosocial (values that motivate behaviour)

Answer 2

active protection or enhancement of the welfare of others.

Question 3

Restrictive Conformity (values that motivate behaviour)

Answer 3

restraint of impulses likely to harm others.

Question 4

Enjoyment (values that motivate behaviour)

Answer 4

Sensuous or emotional gratification.

Question 5

Achievement (values that motivate behaviour)

Answer 5

personal success

Question 6

Maturity (values that motivate behaviour)

Answer 6

understanding and acceptance of oneself and others.

Question 7

Self-Direction (values that motivate behaviour)

Answer 7

independent thought and action.

Question 8

Security (values that motivate behaviour)

Answer 8

safety and stability.

Question 9

3 different levels of moral development

Answer 9

self-centered

conformity

principled

Question 10

Self-Centered (Preconventional)- (levels of moral development)

Answer 10

Actions are determined by their consequences and who lays down the rules.

Stage 1: the obedience and punishment orientation- consequences determine what’s good and bad

Stage 2: instrumental purpose and exchange (instrumental relativist orientation)- satisfying one’s own needs is most important- You scratch my back I’ll scratch yours.

Question 11

Conformity (Conventional)- (levels of moral development)

Answer 11

emphasis on social harmony.

Stage 3: interpersonal accord, conformity, and mutual expectations- good behaviour pleases and helps others.

Stage 4: social accord and system maintenance- the social system is a set or regulations that applies to all impartially.

Question 12

Principled (Postconventional)- (levels of moral development)

Answer 12

emphasizes interpersonal ethics. Creates their own rules based off what they think of society’s laws.

Stage 5: social contract and individual rights- right is relative to personal values and opinion.

Stage 6: universal ethical principles orientation- right is defined by conscience decisions and individual ethical principles.

Question 13

Sustainability

Answer 13

meeting the needs of present generations without compromising future generations ability to meet their own needs.

Question 14

Intellectual Property Theft

Answer 14

failure to abide by copyright laws.

Question 15

Piracy

Answer 15

making imitations of brand name goods.

Question 16

Ethics

Answer 16

standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave based on moral principles of right and wrong.

Question 17

Terminal Values

Answer 17

desirable end states of existence or the goals a person would live to achieve in their lifetime.

Question 18

Instrumental Values

Answer 18

preferable behaviours to achieving one’s terminal values.

Question 19

Moral Values

Answer 19

interpersonal focused, when violated we feel guilty.

Question 20

Competence Values

Answer 20

personal focused, feel ashamed of our inadequacy when violated.

Question 21

Utilitarianism

Answer 21

a moral act produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Question 22

Individual Rights Principle

Answer 22

personal entitlements of legal and human rights.

Question 23

Justice Principle

Answer 23

fairness when distributing benefits and burdens.

Question 24

Caring Principle

Answer 24

focuses on the well-being of others.

Question 25

Environmentalism

Answer 25

focuses on how decisions affect the Earth.

Question 26

ethical subjectivism

Answer 26

implies that ethics of right and wrong are up to opinion (however since people disagree that means logically that one of them has to be wrong, and as people more or less universally share the same ethical principles there are some principles that seem to be standard)

Question 27

distributive justice

Answer 27

concerns fairness in the distribution of resources and or benefits and harms of our decisions among those affected

Question 28

Procedural justice

Answer 28

concerns the fairness of processes in the application of them

Question 29

Compensatory justice

Answer 29

concerns compensating people fairly if they have been harmed

Question 30

Retributive justice

Answer 30

concerns fairness in punishing people for undesirable behaviour

Question 31

Generalizability

Answer 31

concerns the rationality of the principle underlying a proposed action is a rational to think that something is ethically permissible for you but not ethically permissible for someone else in the same situation