CHAPTERS 7, 8, 9, 10 EXAM Flashcards
CARRYING CAPACITY
THE MAXIMUM AMT. OF INDIVIDUALS THAT COULD LIVE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
PARASITISM
THE PARASITE INVADES THE HOST AND USES IT FOR FOOD AND SHELTER.
- PARASITES HAVE ADAPTED TO LIVING OFF A HSOT W/O KILLING IT (SLOWLY USE RESOURCES)
- PARASITE BENEFITS, HOST IS HARMED
EX: TAPEWORM AND A DOG; TAPEWORM LIVES IN DOG’S STOMACH AND GETS FOOD AND DOG BECOMES ILL
MUTUALISM
A REALTIONSIP IN WHICH BOTH SPECIES ARE BENEFITED IN SOME WAY
EX: BEE AND A FLOWER; BEE GETS FOOD (NECTAR) AND FLOWER GETS POLLENATED
PREDATION
A REALTIONSHIP IN WHICH ONE SPECIES KILLS AND EATS ANOTHER IN ORDER TO SURVIVE
EX: A RABITS’ MAIN PREDATOR IS A WOLF
COMMENSALISM
A RELATIONSHIP IN WHIHC ONE SPECIES BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NOT EFFECTED AT ALL.
CO-EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION IN WHICH TWO OR MORE SPECIES INTERACT WOTH EACHOTHER FOR NICHES AND RESOURCES WHICH COULD LEAD TO EACH SPECIES UNDERGOING AN ADAPTATION IN ORDER TO SURVIVE WITH THE OTHER.
KEYSTONE SPECIES
A SPECIES THAT PLAYS A MJOR ROLE IN DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF ITS ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY
- USUALLY THE SPECIES HAS MANY NICHES INVOLVING MANY OTHER SPECIES
- IF THE SPECIES IS TAKEN OUT IT WILL DRASTICALLY DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM (FOOD WEBS)
EX: BEES, SEA OTTERS, RED MANGROVE TREE, SEA STARS, PRARIE DOGS,
EUTROPIHC LAKES
A LAKE WITH A…
- LARGE SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS
- SHALLOW
- WATER MURKY BROWN OR GREEN AND POOR VISIBILITY
OLIGOTROPIHHC LAKE
A LAKE WITH A…
- LOW CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENTS
- SPARCE PLANKTON AND FISH POPULATION
- LITTLE SHORE VEGETATION
RULE OF 70
A WAY TO CALCULATE DOUBLING TIME
70/ RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH = HOW MANY YRS.
REPLACEMENT LEVEL FERTILITY
THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN A COUPLE MUST BEAR TO REPLACE THEMSELVES
-USUALLY A LITTLE MORE THAN TWO BC SOME CHILDREN DIE BEFORE THERE REPRODUCTIVE YEARS
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF CHILDREN A WOMAN TYPICALLY HAS DURING HER REPRODUCTIVE YEARS
IMMIGRATION
WHEN PEOPLE MOVE INTO A COUNTRY COMING FROM ANOTHER
(SOMEONE MOVING TO THE UNITED STATES FROM CHINA)
-WOULD KEEP THE POPULATION GROWING NO MATTER HOW LOW THE FERTILITY RATE OF THAT COUNTRY
EMMIGRATION
WHEN PEOPLE MOVE OUT OF A COUNTRY
YOU MOVING OUT OF THE UNITED SATES TO LIVE IN A DIFFERENT COUNTRY
DEMOGRAPHY
THE STUDY OF SIZE, COMPOSITION, AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF HUMAN POPULATION
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSTION
AS COUNTRIES BECOME MORE INDUSTRIALIZED, FIRST THEIR DEATH RATES THEN THIER BIRTH RATES DECLINE
-FOUR STAGES
PRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE (DT)
STAGE #1
-LITTLE POPULATION GROWTH BC OF HARSH CONDITION
-BIRTH AND DEATH RATE HIGH BUT THE POPULATION REMAINS RELATIVLEY LOW
-CHILDREN ARE IMPORTANT FOR LABOR AND SOCIAL SECURITY
-HIGH INFANT MORTALITY, LOW LIFE EXPECTANCY
(EGYPT AND PAKISTAN)
TRANSITION STAGE (DT)
STAGE #2
-DEATH RATE DROPS AND BIRTH RATE REMAINS HIGH DUE TO HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENTS
-CHILDREN NOW UNNECESSARY TO EARN MONEY BUT ARE STILL USED FOR FREE LABOR
-POPUALTION GROWS EXPONETIALLY
-INCREASED LIFE EXPECTANCY, DECREASED INFANT MORTALITY RATE
(ETHOPIA, BANGLADESH)
INDUSTRIAL STAGE (DT)
STAGE #3
-BIRTH RATE DROPS AND APPROACHES DEATH RATE
-SLOWER GROWTH RATE
-CHILDREN ARE NOT NEEDED AT ALL IN THIS STAGE, THEREFORE THERE IS A DECLINE IN HOW ANY CHILDREN ARE BORN PER COUPLE
(INDIA)
POST-INDUSTRIAL STAGE (DT)
STAGE #4
- BIRTH RATE DECLINES FURTHER, EQUALING DEATH RATE, HOWEVER POPULATION IS HIGH
- TOO FEW WORKERS TO FILL JOBS
- CITIZENS ARE BETTER EDUCATED AND MORE AFFLUENT (UK, JAPAN, ITALY)
WHAT STAGE OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IS THE UNITED STATES CURRENTLY IN?
STAGE #4 POST-INDUSTRIAL
THOMAS MALTUS
-BELEIVED THAT THERE WAS CONSTANT PRESSURE TOWARD POPULATION GROWTH BC OF FOOD SUPPLY
AS FOOD SUPPLY RUNS LOW, THERE WILL BE WARS, FAMINE AND DISEASE = INCREASED DEATH RATE
HAS’NT HAPPENED YET BC ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ENABLES US TO GROW MORE FOOD AT A FASTER RATE
ECOLOICAL FOOTPRINT
AMT. OF BIOLOGICALLY PRODUCTIVE
AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAM
USED TO STUDY THE NUMBER AND AGES OF PEOPLE IN A COUNTRY
-DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES IN EACH AGE GROUP
