CHAPTERS 7, 8, 9, 10 EXAM Flashcards
CARRYING CAPACITY
THE MAXIMUM AMT. OF INDIVIDUALS THAT COULD LIVE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
PARASITISM
THE PARASITE INVADES THE HOST AND USES IT FOR FOOD AND SHELTER.
- PARASITES HAVE ADAPTED TO LIVING OFF A HSOT W/O KILLING IT (SLOWLY USE RESOURCES)
- PARASITE BENEFITS, HOST IS HARMED
EX: TAPEWORM AND A DOG; TAPEWORM LIVES IN DOG’S STOMACH AND GETS FOOD AND DOG BECOMES ILL
MUTUALISM
A REALTIONSIP IN WHICH BOTH SPECIES ARE BENEFITED IN SOME WAY
EX: BEE AND A FLOWER; BEE GETS FOOD (NECTAR) AND FLOWER GETS POLLENATED
PREDATION
A REALTIONSHIP IN WHICH ONE SPECIES KILLS AND EATS ANOTHER IN ORDER TO SURVIVE
EX: A RABITS’ MAIN PREDATOR IS A WOLF
COMMENSALISM
A RELATIONSHIP IN WHIHC ONE SPECIES BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NOT EFFECTED AT ALL.
CO-EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION IN WHICH TWO OR MORE SPECIES INTERACT WOTH EACHOTHER FOR NICHES AND RESOURCES WHICH COULD LEAD TO EACH SPECIES UNDERGOING AN ADAPTATION IN ORDER TO SURVIVE WITH THE OTHER.
KEYSTONE SPECIES
A SPECIES THAT PLAYS A MJOR ROLE IN DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF ITS ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY
- USUALLY THE SPECIES HAS MANY NICHES INVOLVING MANY OTHER SPECIES
- IF THE SPECIES IS TAKEN OUT IT WILL DRASTICALLY DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM (FOOD WEBS)
EX: BEES, SEA OTTERS, RED MANGROVE TREE, SEA STARS, PRARIE DOGS,
EUTROPIHC LAKES
A LAKE WITH A…
- LARGE SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS
- SHALLOW
- WATER MURKY BROWN OR GREEN AND POOR VISIBILITY
OLIGOTROPIHHC LAKE
A LAKE WITH A…
- LOW CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENTS
- SPARCE PLANKTON AND FISH POPULATION
- LITTLE SHORE VEGETATION
RULE OF 70
A WAY TO CALCULATE DOUBLING TIME
70/ RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH = HOW MANY YRS.
REPLACEMENT LEVEL FERTILITY
THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN A COUPLE MUST BEAR TO REPLACE THEMSELVES
-USUALLY A LITTLE MORE THAN TWO BC SOME CHILDREN DIE BEFORE THERE REPRODUCTIVE YEARS
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF CHILDREN A WOMAN TYPICALLY HAS DURING HER REPRODUCTIVE YEARS
IMMIGRATION
WHEN PEOPLE MOVE INTO A COUNTRY COMING FROM ANOTHER
(SOMEONE MOVING TO THE UNITED STATES FROM CHINA)
-WOULD KEEP THE POPULATION GROWING NO MATTER HOW LOW THE FERTILITY RATE OF THAT COUNTRY
EMMIGRATION
WHEN PEOPLE MOVE OUT OF A COUNTRY
YOU MOVING OUT OF THE UNITED SATES TO LIVE IN A DIFFERENT COUNTRY
DEMOGRAPHY
THE STUDY OF SIZE, COMPOSITION, AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF HUMAN POPULATION
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSTION
AS COUNTRIES BECOME MORE INDUSTRIALIZED, FIRST THEIR DEATH RATES THEN THIER BIRTH RATES DECLINE
-FOUR STAGES
PRE-INDUSTRIAL STAGE (DT)
STAGE #1
-LITTLE POPULATION GROWTH BC OF HARSH CONDITION
-BIRTH AND DEATH RATE HIGH BUT THE POPULATION REMAINS RELATIVLEY LOW
-CHILDREN ARE IMPORTANT FOR LABOR AND SOCIAL SECURITY
-HIGH INFANT MORTALITY, LOW LIFE EXPECTANCY
(EGYPT AND PAKISTAN)
TRANSITION STAGE (DT)
STAGE #2
-DEATH RATE DROPS AND BIRTH RATE REMAINS HIGH DUE TO HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENTS
-CHILDREN NOW UNNECESSARY TO EARN MONEY BUT ARE STILL USED FOR FREE LABOR
-POPUALTION GROWS EXPONETIALLY
-INCREASED LIFE EXPECTANCY, DECREASED INFANT MORTALITY RATE
(ETHOPIA, BANGLADESH)
INDUSTRIAL STAGE (DT)
STAGE #3
-BIRTH RATE DROPS AND APPROACHES DEATH RATE
-SLOWER GROWTH RATE
-CHILDREN ARE NOT NEEDED AT ALL IN THIS STAGE, THEREFORE THERE IS A DECLINE IN HOW ANY CHILDREN ARE BORN PER COUPLE
(INDIA)
POST-INDUSTRIAL STAGE (DT)
STAGE #4
- BIRTH RATE DECLINES FURTHER, EQUALING DEATH RATE, HOWEVER POPULATION IS HIGH
- TOO FEW WORKERS TO FILL JOBS
- CITIZENS ARE BETTER EDUCATED AND MORE AFFLUENT (UK, JAPAN, ITALY)
WHAT STAGE OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IS THE UNITED STATES CURRENTLY IN?
STAGE #4 POST-INDUSTRIAL
THOMAS MALTUS
-BELEIVED THAT THERE WAS CONSTANT PRESSURE TOWARD POPULATION GROWTH BC OF FOOD SUPPLY
AS FOOD SUPPLY RUNS LOW, THERE WILL BE WARS, FAMINE AND DISEASE = INCREASED DEATH RATE
HAS’NT HAPPENED YET BC ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ENABLES US TO GROW MORE FOOD AT A FASTER RATE
ECOLOICAL FOOTPRINT
AMT. OF BIOLOGICALLY PRODUCTIVE
AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAM
USED TO STUDY THE NUMBER AND AGES OF PEOPLE IN A COUNTRY
-DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES IN EACH AGE GROUP
RAPID GROWTH AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAM
SHAPED AS A PYRAMID
EX: GUATEMALA, NIGERIA, SAUDI ARBIA
SLOW GROWTH AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAM
SHAPED AS A VERY NARROW PYRAMID
EX: US, AUSTRALIA, CANADA
ZERO GROWTH AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAM
SHAPED AS A SKYSCRAPER (RATIOS ALMOST EVEN BUT STILL HAS A WIDE BOTTOM)
EX: SPAIN, AUSTRIA, GREECE
NEGATIVE GROWTH AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAM
DIAGRAM IS ALMOST STRAIGHT (RATIO SMALLER ON BOTTOM, LARGER ON TOP)
EX: GERMANY,SWEDEN,BULGARIA
INDICATORS OF GOOD HEALTH FOR A COUNTRY?
- LOW INFANT MORTALITY RATE
- HIGH LIFE EXPECTANCY
FACTORS THAT CAUSE A POPULATION TO INCREASE
- IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN FOR LABOR
- URBANIZATION
- HIGHER INCOME
- LOW INFANT MORTALITY RATE
- HIGH IMMIGRATION RATES
- LARGE FOOD SUPPLY
- LOW EDUCATION AVAILABILITY
FACTORS THAT CAUSE A POPULATION TO DECREASE
- HIGH INFANT MORTALITY RATE
- IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN FOR LABOR
- HIGH IMMIGRATION RATE
- HIGH DEATH RATE
- HIGH EDUCTION AVAILABILITY
- MORE JOBS AVAILABLE FOR WOMEN
HOW TO DETERMINE POPULATION GROWTH
(BIRTHS+IMMIGRATION) - (DEATHS + EMIGRATION)
HOW TO DETERMINE THE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE OF A COUNTRY
(CBR-CDR) / 10
R-SELECTED SPECIES
- MANY SMALL OFFSPRING
- LITTLE TO NO PARENTAL CARE
- EARLY REPRODUCTIVE AGE
- MOST OFFSPRING DIE BEFORE REACHING REPRODUCTIVE AGE
- GENERALIST NICHES
- TYPE 3 ON SURVIORSHIP CURVE
EX: COCKROACH, RODENTS, DANDELIONS i
K- SELECTED SPECIES
- FEWER LARGER OFFSPRING
- HIGH PARENTAL CARE
- LATER REPRODUCTIVE AGE
- LARGER ADULTS
- MOST OFFSPRING LIVE PAST REPRODUCTIVE STAGE
- LOWER POPULATION GROWTH
- HIGH ABILITY TO COMPETE
- TYPE 1 ON SURVIORSHIP CURVE
EX: ELEPHANT, HUMANS
EXAMPLES OF SALT WATER LOCATIONS
SALT MARSHES, OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS, SWAMPS
EXAMPLES OF FRESHWATER LOCATIONS
LAKES, POUNDS, RIVERS, STREAMS
CORALS?
CORALS ARE ANIMALS THAT CONTAIN PLANTS THAT LIVE INSIDE THEM.
- SOFT AND HARD CORALS
- POLYPS
LIVE IN WATERS WITH THE EXACT TEMPERATURE THEY NEED BC IF EVEN 2 DEGREES COOLER OR WAMRE THE CORAL WILL BECOME BLEACHED AND STRESSED
ALSO SILT COVERS THE CORALS PREVENTING THEM FROM PHOTOSYNTHESIZING
CLUMPED SPECIES DISTRIBUTION
SPECIES GROUP TOGETHER IN CERTAIN AREAS
EX: MEERKATS WATCH FRO PREDATORS WITH THIS DISTRIBUTION
UNIFORMED SPECIES DISTRIBUTION
TERRITORIAL ORGANISMS DISTRIBUTE IN A ORGANIZED FORMATION
EX: PLANTS THAT EMIT TOXINS
RANDOM DISTRIBUTION
SPECIES SETTLE WITHOUT AND REASONING
EX: SEEDS CARRIED BY WIND AND ANIMALS
HOW COULD THE GOVERNMENT REDUCE POPULATION GROWTH RATES OF ALL COUNTRIES??
- INFORCE FAMILY PLANNING TO ALL COUPLES
- INFORCE WOMEN TO GET AN EDUCATION AND APPLY FOR JOBS OUTSIDE THE HOUSE
DENSITY DEPENDENT FACOTRS?
SIZE OF POPULATION INFLUENCES THE SURVIVAL OF INDIVIDUALS
-DISEASE
DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS?
- FLOODS
- HURRICANES
- VOLCANOE EURPUTIONS
INTERSPECIFIC SPECIES
INTERACTIONS OCCURRING BETWEEN DIFFERENT SPECIES
INTRASPECIFIC SPECIES
INTERACTIONS OCCURRING BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
AMT. OF BIOLOGICALLY PRODUCTIVE LAND AND WATER NEEDED TO SUPPLY EACH PERSON OR POPULATION WITH THE RESOURCES THEY USE EVERYDAY.
INFANT MORATALITY RATE
- IMR IS HIGH IN COUNTRIES WHERE THERE IS LITTLE MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY.
- TO DECREASE IMR THE COUNTRY COULD DEVELOP MORE ADVANCED MEDICINES AND TECHNOLOGIES TO MAKE SURE THE INFANT LIVE UNTIL IT’S REPRODUCTIVE AGE
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION
-NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY EXACTLY THE SAME NMAIN NICHE IN HABITAT WHERE THERE IS NOT ENOUGH OF A PARTICULAR RESOURCE TO MEET THE NEEDS OF BOTH SPECIES
DIEBACK
SHARP REDUCTION IN THE POPULATION OF A SPECIES WHEN ITS NUMBERS EXCEED THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF ITS HABITAT.
THEORY OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY
- # OF SPECIES FOUND ON AN ISLAND IS DETERMINED BY BALANCE BETWEEN TWO FACTORS:THE IMMIGRATION RATE AND EXTINCTION RATE (NATIVE SPECIES)
- MODEL STATES THAT AT SOME POINT THESE RATES WIL BOTH REACH AN EQUILIBRIUM POIINT THTA DETERMINES THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF OF DIFFERENT SPECIES ON THE ISLAND
PREDATOR - PREY RELATIONSHIPS
-PREY IS MUCH MORE ABUNDANT THAN PREDATOR
PRIMARAY SUCCESSION
-ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION IN A BARE AREA THAT AHS NEVER BEEN OCCUPIED BY A COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS
-PIONEER SPECIES MOVE IN LIKE MOSSES AND LICHENS
(BEGINING STAGES)
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
-ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION IN AN AREA IN WHICH NATURAL VEGETATION HAS BEEN REMOVED OR DESTROYED BUT THE SOIL AND LEFTOVER NUTRIENTS STAY
TOP 3 MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES
- CHINA
- INDIA
- US
