chapter 16 Flashcards
GEOLOGY
STUDY OF DYNAIC PROCESSES OCCURRING ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND ITS INTERIOR
INTERNAL PROCESSES
GEOLOGIC CHANGES ORIGINATING FROM THE EARTH’S INTERIOR
CORE
EARTH’S MOST INNERMOST ZONE
-SURROUNDED BY A LIQUID CORE OF MOLTEN OR SEMISOLID MATERIAL
MANTLE
THICK SOLID ROCK ZONE THAT SURROUNDS THE CORE
-TWO TYPES OF MOVEMENT
CONVECTION CELLS/CURRENT
MANTLE PLUMES
CRUST
OUTERMOST AND THINNEST ZONE OF THE EARTH
-CONTINENTAL AND OCEAINC CRUST
ASTHENOSPHERE
OUTERMOST PART OF THE MANTLE
- VERY HOT
- MADE OF MELTED ROCK
- DEFORMED LIKE SOFT PLASTIC
TECTONIC PLATES
HUGE SOLID PLATES THAT MOVE SLOWLY ACROSS THE EARTH’S SURFACE DUE TO HEATED MATERIAL IN THE MANTLE CONVECTION SELLS
LITHOSPHERE
COMPOSED OF THE CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CRUST AND THE RIGID OUTERMOST PART OF THE MANTLE
PLATE TECTONICS
THE THEORY EXPLAINING THE MOVEMENTS OF THE PLATES AND THE PROCESSES THAT OCCUR AT THEIR BOUNDARIES
DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
PLATES THAT MOVE APART IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
PLATES ARE PUSHED TOGETHER BY INTERNAL FORCES
TRANSFORMING PLATE BOUNDARIES
PLATES SLIDE AND GRIND PAST ONE ANOTHER ALONG A FRACTURE IN THE LITHOSPHERE
SUBDUCTION
WHEN A OCEANIC PLATE COLLIDES WITH A CONTINENTAL PLATE, THE CONTINENTAL PLATE USALLY RIDES OVER THE DESNER OCEANIC PLATE AND PUSHES IT DOWN INTO THE MANTLE
EXTERNAL PROCESSES
GEOLOGIC CHANGES BASED ON DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ON ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND ON GRAVITY (RATHER THAN ON THE HEAT FOUND IN THE INTERIOR)
EROSION
MAJOR EXTERNAL PROCESS
-MATERIAL IS DISSOLVED, LOOSENED, OR WORN AWAY FROM ONE PART OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND DEPOSITED ELSEWHERE
WEATHERING
MAJOR EXTERNAL PROCESS
- PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
- BREAKS DOWN ROCKS AND MINERALS INTO SMALLER PARTICLES THAT CAN BE ERODED
PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL WEATHERING
LARGE ROCK MASS IS BROKEN INTO SMLLER FRAGMENTS
- FROST WEGDING
- COOL AND MOIST CLIMATES
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
CHEMICAL REACTIONS DECOMPOSE A MASS OF ROCK (CHANGE THE COMPOSITION)
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
CONVERSION OF ROCKS AND MINERALS INTO SMALLER PARTICLES THROUGH THE ACTIONS OF LIVING THINGS
-LICHENS
EARTHQUAKE
THE FAULTING OR A LATER ABRUPT MOVEMENT ON A EXISTING FAULT
VOLCANOES
MAGMA REACHES THE EARTH’S SURFACE THROUGH A CENTRAL VENT OR LONG CRACK
MINERAL
AN ELEMENT OR INORGANIC COMPOUND THAT OCCURS NATURALLY AND IS SOLID WITH REGULAR INTERNAL CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
ROCK
SOLID COMBINATION OF ONE OR MORE MINERALS THAT IS PART OF THE EARTH’S CRUST
IGNEOUS ROCK
- FORMED BELOW OR ON EARTH’S SURFACE
- MOLTEN ROCK WELLS UP AND COOLS AND HARDENS TO FORM A ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
- FORMED FROM SEDIMENT PRODUCED WHEN EXISTING ROCKS ARE WEATHERED AND ERODED INTO SMALL PIECES.
- THEY ARE TRANSFERRED AND ACCUMULATED OVER TIME TO FORM A ROCK
METAMORPHIC ROCK
-PRODUCED WHEN A PREEXISTING ROCK IS SUBJECTED TO HIGH TEMPERATURE AND A LOT OF PRESSURE
ROCK CYCLE
PHYCIAL AND CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS TAHT CHANGE ROCKS FROM ONE TYPE TO ANOTHER
NON-RENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCE
CONCENTRATION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING MATERIAL IN AND OR ON THE EARTH’S CRUST THAT CAN BE EXTRACTED AND PROCESSED BUT THE TAKE A LONG TIME TO PRODUCE
ORE
A ROCK CONATING ENOUGH FOR ONE OR MORE METALLIC MINERALS TO BE MINED PROFITABLY
SURFACE MINING
MINING SHALLOW DEPOSITS
SUBSURFACE MINING
MINING DEEP DEPOSITS
OVERBURDEN
LAYER OF SOIL AND ROCK OVERLYING A MINERAL DEPOSIT
SPOILS
UNWANTED ROCK AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS PRODUCED WHEN A MATERIAL IS REMOVED FORM THE EARTH’S SURFACE OR SUBSURFACE
OPEN PIT MINING
Machine dig holes and remove ores, sand,gravel and stone.
DREGDING
Chain buckets and draglines scrape up underwater mineral deposits.
ARE STRIP MINING
A earth-mover strips away the overburden, a huge power shovel digs a cut to remove the mineral deposit and then the trench is refilled.
CONTOUR STRIP MINING
Used on hilly or mountainous terrainEarthmover removes overburden and coal is extracted with a power shovel.
MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL
Involves explosives, massive shovels and huge machinery called draglines to remove the top of the mountain and expose the coals underneath.
DEPLETION TIME
HOW LONG IT TAKES TO USE UP A CERTAIN PORTION OF THE RESERVES OF A MINERAL AT A GIVEN RATE
