chapter 16

Question 1

GEOLOGY

Answer 1

STUDY OF DYNAIC PROCESSES OCCURRING ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND ITS INTERIOR

Question 2

INTERNAL PROCESSES

Answer 2

GEOLOGIC CHANGES ORIGINATING FROM THE EARTH’S INTERIOR

Question 3

CORE

Answer 3

EARTH’S MOST INNERMOST ZONE

-SURROUNDED BY A LIQUID CORE OF MOLTEN OR SEMISOLID MATERIAL

Question 4

MANTLE

Answer 4

THICK SOLID ROCK ZONE THAT SURROUNDS THE CORE
-TWO TYPES OF MOVEMENT
CONVECTION CELLS/CURRENT
MANTLE PLUMES

Question 5

CRUST

Answer 5

OUTERMOST AND THINNEST ZONE OF THE EARTH

-CONTINENTAL AND OCEAINC CRUST

Question 6

ASTHENOSPHERE

Answer 6

OUTERMOST PART OF THE MANTLE

• VERY HOT
• MADE OF MELTED ROCK
• DEFORMED LIKE SOFT PLASTIC

Question 7

TECTONIC PLATES

Answer 7

HUGE SOLID PLATES THAT MOVE SLOWLY ACROSS THE EARTH’S SURFACE DUE TO HEATED MATERIAL IN THE MANTLE CONVECTION SELLS

Question 8

LITHOSPHERE

Answer 8

COMPOSED OF THE CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CRUST AND THE RIGID OUTERMOST PART OF THE MANTLE

Question 9

PLATE TECTONICS

Answer 9

THE THEORY EXPLAINING THE MOVEMENTS OF THE PLATES AND THE PROCESSES THAT OCCUR AT THEIR BOUNDARIES

Question 10

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES

Answer 10

PLATES THAT MOVE APART IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

Question 11

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES

Answer 11

PLATES ARE PUSHED TOGETHER BY INTERNAL FORCES

Question 12

TRANSFORMING PLATE BOUNDARIES

Answer 12

PLATES SLIDE AND GRIND PAST ONE ANOTHER ALONG A FRACTURE IN THE LITHOSPHERE

Question 13

SUBDUCTION

Answer 13

WHEN A OCEANIC PLATE COLLIDES WITH A CONTINENTAL PLATE, THE CONTINENTAL PLATE USALLY RIDES OVER THE DESNER OCEANIC PLATE AND PUSHES IT DOWN INTO THE MANTLE

Question 14

EXTERNAL PROCESSES

Answer 14

GEOLOGIC CHANGES BASED ON DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ON ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND ON GRAVITY (RATHER THAN ON THE HEAT FOUND IN THE INTERIOR)

Question 15

EROSION

Answer 15

MAJOR EXTERNAL PROCESS

-MATERIAL IS DISSOLVED, LOOSENED, OR WORN AWAY FROM ONE PART OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND DEPOSITED ELSEWHERE

Question 16

WEATHERING

Answer 16

MAJOR EXTERNAL PROCESS

• PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
• BREAKS DOWN ROCKS AND MINERALS INTO SMALLER PARTICLES THAT CAN BE ERODED

Question 17

PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL WEATHERING

Answer 17

LARGE ROCK MASS IS BROKEN INTO SMLLER FRAGMENTS

• FROST WEGDING
• COOL AND MOIST CLIMATES

Question 18

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Answer 18

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DECOMPOSE A MASS OF ROCK (CHANGE THE COMPOSITION)

Question 19

BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING

Answer 19

CONVERSION OF ROCKS AND MINERALS INTO SMALLER PARTICLES THROUGH THE ACTIONS OF LIVING THINGS
-LICHENS

Question 20

EARTHQUAKE

Answer 20

THE FAULTING OR A LATER ABRUPT MOVEMENT ON A EXISTING FAULT

Question 21

VOLCANOES

Answer 21

MAGMA REACHES THE EARTH’S SURFACE THROUGH A CENTRAL VENT OR LONG CRACK

Question 22

MINERAL

Answer 22

AN ELEMENT OR INORGANIC COMPOUND THAT OCCURS NATURALLY AND IS SOLID WITH REGULAR INTERNAL CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE

Question 23

ROCK

Answer 23

SOLID COMBINATION OF ONE OR MORE MINERALS THAT IS PART OF THE EARTH’S CRUST

Question 24

IGNEOUS ROCK

Answer 24

• FORMED BELOW OR ON EARTH’S SURFACE

- MOLTEN ROCK WELLS UP AND COOLS AND HARDENS TO FORM A ROCK

Question 25

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Answer 25

- FORMED FROM SEDIMENT PRODUCED WHEN EXISTING ROCKS ARE WEATHERED AND ERODED INTO SMALL PIECES. - THEY ARE TRANSFERRED AND ACCUMULATED OVER TIME TO FORM A ROCK

Question 26

METAMORPHIC ROCK

Answer 26

-PRODUCED WHEN A PREEXISTING ROCK IS SUBJECTED TO HIGH TEMPERATURE AND A LOT OF PRESSURE

Question 27

ROCK CYCLE

Answer 27

PHYCIAL AND CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS TAHT CHANGE ROCKS FROM ONE TYPE TO ANOTHER

Question 28

NON-RENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCE

Answer 28

CONCENTRATION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING MATERIAL IN AND OR ON THE EARTH'S CRUST THAT CAN BE EXTRACTED AND PROCESSED BUT THE TAKE A LONG TIME TO PRODUCE

Question 29

ORE

Answer 29

A ROCK CONATING ENOUGH FOR ONE OR MORE METALLIC MINERALS TO BE MINED PROFITABLY

Question 30

SURFACE MINING

Answer 30

MINING SHALLOW DEPOSITS

Question 31

SUBSURFACE MINING

Answer 31

MINING DEEP DEPOSITS

Question 32

OVERBURDEN

Answer 32

LAYER OF SOIL AND ROCK OVERLYING A MINERAL DEPOSIT

Question 33

SPOILS

Answer 33

UNWANTED ROCK AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS PRODUCED WHEN A MATERIAL IS REMOVED FORM THE EARTH'S SURFACE OR SUBSURFACE

Question 34

OPEN PIT MINING

Answer 34

Machine dig holes and remove ores, sand,gravel and stone.

Question 35

DREGDING

Answer 35

Chain buckets and draglines scrape up underwater mineral deposits.

Question 36

ARE STRIP MINING

Answer 36

A earth-mover strips away the overburden, a huge power shovel digs a cut to remove the mineral deposit and then the trench is refilled.

Question 37

CONTOUR STRIP MINING

Answer 37

Used on hilly or mountainous terrainEarthmover removes overburden and coal is extracted with a power shovel.

Question 38

MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL

Answer 38

Involves explosives, massive shovels and huge machinery called draglines to remove the top of the mountain and expose the coals underneath.

Question 39

DEPLETION TIME

Answer 39

HOW LONG IT TAKES TO USE UP A CERTAIN PORTION OF THE RESERVES OF A MINERAL AT A GIVEN RATE