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APES > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

GEOLOGY

A

STUDY OF DYNAIC PROCESSES OCCURRING ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND ITS INTERIOR

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2
Q

INTERNAL PROCESSES

A

GEOLOGIC CHANGES ORIGINATING FROM THE EARTH’S INTERIOR

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3
Q

CORE

A

EARTH’S MOST INNERMOST ZONE

-SURROUNDED BY A LIQUID CORE OF MOLTEN OR SEMISOLID MATERIAL

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4
Q

MANTLE

A

THICK SOLID ROCK ZONE THAT SURROUNDS THE CORE
-TWO TYPES OF MOVEMENT
CONVECTION CELLS/CURRENT
MANTLE PLUMES

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5
Q

CRUST

A

OUTERMOST AND THINNEST ZONE OF THE EARTH

-CONTINENTAL AND OCEAINC CRUST

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6
Q

ASTHENOSPHERE

A

OUTERMOST PART OF THE MANTLE

  • VERY HOT
  • MADE OF MELTED ROCK
  • DEFORMED LIKE SOFT PLASTIC
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7
Q

TECTONIC PLATES

A

HUGE SOLID PLATES THAT MOVE SLOWLY ACROSS THE EARTH’S SURFACE DUE TO HEATED MATERIAL IN THE MANTLE CONVECTION SELLS

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8
Q

LITHOSPHERE

A

COMPOSED OF THE CONTINENTAL AND OCEANIC CRUST AND THE RIGID OUTERMOST PART OF THE MANTLE

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9
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

A

THE THEORY EXPLAINING THE MOVEMENTS OF THE PLATES AND THE PROCESSES THAT OCCUR AT THEIR BOUNDARIES

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10
Q

DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES

A

PLATES THAT MOVE APART IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

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11
Q

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES

A

PLATES ARE PUSHED TOGETHER BY INTERNAL FORCES

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12
Q

TRANSFORMING PLATE BOUNDARIES

A

PLATES SLIDE AND GRIND PAST ONE ANOTHER ALONG A FRACTURE IN THE LITHOSPHERE

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13
Q

SUBDUCTION

A

WHEN A OCEANIC PLATE COLLIDES WITH A CONTINENTAL PLATE, THE CONTINENTAL PLATE USALLY RIDES OVER THE DESNER OCEANIC PLATE AND PUSHES IT DOWN INTO THE MANTLE

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14
Q

EXTERNAL PROCESSES

A

GEOLOGIC CHANGES BASED ON DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ON ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND ON GRAVITY (RATHER THAN ON THE HEAT FOUND IN THE INTERIOR)

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15
Q

EROSION

A

MAJOR EXTERNAL PROCESS

-MATERIAL IS DISSOLVED, LOOSENED, OR WORN AWAY FROM ONE PART OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND DEPOSITED ELSEWHERE

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16
Q

WEATHERING

A

MAJOR EXTERNAL PROCESS

  • PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
  • BREAKS DOWN ROCKS AND MINERALS INTO SMALLER PARTICLES THAT CAN BE ERODED
17
Q

PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL WEATHERING

A

LARGE ROCK MASS IS BROKEN INTO SMLLER FRAGMENTS

  • FROST WEGDING
  • COOL AND MOIST CLIMATES
18
Q

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

A

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DECOMPOSE A MASS OF ROCK (CHANGE THE COMPOSITION)

19
Q

BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING

A

CONVERSION OF ROCKS AND MINERALS INTO SMALLER PARTICLES THROUGH THE ACTIONS OF LIVING THINGS
-LICHENS

20
Q

EARTHQUAKE

A

THE FAULTING OR A LATER ABRUPT MOVEMENT ON A EXISTING FAULT

21
Q

VOLCANOES

A

MAGMA REACHES THE EARTH’S SURFACE THROUGH A CENTRAL VENT OR LONG CRACK

22
Q

MINERAL

A

AN ELEMENT OR INORGANIC COMPOUND THAT OCCURS NATURALLY AND IS SOLID WITH REGULAR INTERNAL CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE

23
Q

ROCK

A

SOLID COMBINATION OF ONE OR MORE MINERALS THAT IS PART OF THE EARTH’S CRUST

24
Q

IGNEOUS ROCK

A
  • FORMED BELOW OR ON EARTH’S SURFACE

- MOLTEN ROCK WELLS UP AND COOLS AND HARDENS TO FORM A ROCK

25
Q

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

A
  • FORMED FROM SEDIMENT PRODUCED WHEN EXISTING ROCKS ARE WEATHERED AND ERODED INTO SMALL PIECES.
  • THEY ARE TRANSFERRED AND ACCUMULATED OVER TIME TO FORM A ROCK
26
Q

METAMORPHIC ROCK

A

-PRODUCED WHEN A PREEXISTING ROCK IS SUBJECTED TO HIGH TEMPERATURE AND A LOT OF PRESSURE

27
Q

ROCK CYCLE

A

PHYCIAL AND CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS TAHT CHANGE ROCKS FROM ONE TYPE TO ANOTHER

28
Q

NON-RENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCE

A

CONCENTRATION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING MATERIAL IN AND OR ON THE EARTH’S CRUST THAT CAN BE EXTRACTED AND PROCESSED BUT THE TAKE A LONG TIME TO PRODUCE

29
Q

ORE

A

A ROCK CONATING ENOUGH FOR ONE OR MORE METALLIC MINERALS TO BE MINED PROFITABLY

30
Q

SURFACE MINING

A

MINING SHALLOW DEPOSITS

31
Q

SUBSURFACE MINING

A

MINING DEEP DEPOSITS

32
Q

OVERBURDEN

A

LAYER OF SOIL AND ROCK OVERLYING A MINERAL DEPOSIT

33
Q

SPOILS

A

UNWANTED ROCK AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS PRODUCED WHEN A MATERIAL IS REMOVED FORM THE EARTH’S SURFACE OR SUBSURFACE

34
Q

OPEN PIT MINING

A

Machine dig holes and remove ores, sand,gravel and stone.

35
Q

DREGDING

A

Chain buckets and draglines scrape up underwater mineral deposits.

36
Q

ARE STRIP MINING

A

A earth-mover strips away the overburden, a huge power shovel digs a cut to remove the mineral deposit and then the trench is refilled.

37
Q

CONTOUR STRIP MINING

A

Used on hilly or mountainous terrainEarthmover removes overburden and coal is extracted with a power shovel.

38
Q

MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL

A

Involves explosives, massive shovels and huge machinery called draglines to remove the top of the mountain and expose the coals underneath.

39
Q

DEPLETION TIME

A

HOW LONG IT TAKES TO USE UP A CERTAIN PORTION OF THE RESERVES OF A MINERAL AT A GIVEN RATE

APES (17 decks)

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