chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

polyculture

A

planting a mix of perennial grasses, legumes, sunflowers, grain crops and plants that provides natural insecticides in the same field. (many different plants maturing at various time are planted together.)

  • less need for fertilizers and water
  • more protection to the plants from wind and water erosion
  • little to no need for insecticides and herbicides
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2
Q

perennial plants

A
  • plants that have a life cycle of more than two years
  • less labor, reduces soil erosion and less pollution
    ex: potatoes, tomatoes onions, basil
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3
Q

annuals

A
  • plants that have a life cycle of one year and need to be replanted each year
    ex: corn, rice, wheat, peas, watermelon
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4
Q

industrial agriculture (high-input agriculture)

A
  • 80% of world’d food supply
  • uses large amounts of fossil fuels, water, commercial fertilizers and pesticides to produce a single crop (monocultures) or livestock
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5
Q

plantation agriculture

A
  • form of industrialized agriculture

- used on developing countries growing cash crops (soybeans, coffee, sugarcane, cocoa, vegetables, bananas)

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6
Q

traditional subsistence agriculture

A
  • mostly human labor and draft animals

- only produces enough for a farm family’s survival

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7
Q

traditional intensive agriculture

A

-high inputs of human labor, draft labor, water, and fertilizers in order to get a higher yield per area of cultivated land

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8
Q

green revolution (1950)

A

-new management techniques and mechanization as well as more fertilization and irrigation, improved crop varieties and increased food production

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9
Q

second green revolution (1967-present day)

A

-introducing fast growing varieties of rice and wheat in several developing countries.

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10
Q

interplanting

A
  • growing several different crops on the same plot

- reduces the chances of losing food supplies due to pests, bad weather and other misfortunes.

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11
Q

polyvarietal cultivation (interplanting)

A

-planting a plot w several varieties of the same crop.

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12
Q

intercropping (interplanting)

A

-growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot

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13
Q

agroforestry (interplanting)

A

-crops and tress are planted in alternate rows

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14
Q

land degradation

A

-natural or human processes decrease the future ability of land to support crops, livestock or wild species

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15
Q

soil erosion

A

-the movement of soil components (surface litter or topsoil) from one place to another.

main causes: flowing water and wind
harmful effects: loss of soil fertility and sediments pollute water

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16
Q

desertification

A

-the productive potential of arid or semi-arid land falls by 10% or more because of natural climate change and human activities

17
Q

salinization

A
  • when the small amts. of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.
  • stunts crop growth, lowers crop yields and eventually kills plants and ruins the land
18
Q

waterlogging

A

-when the soil remains under water for a prolonged periods of time, which impairs root growth due to decreased oxygen levels.

19
Q

soil conservation

A

-