chapter 11,12,13 EXAM

Question 1

exotic species

Answer 1

organisms that live outside their historic range

ex:
- zebra mussels
- silver carp

invasive species: organisms that spread quickly across and area (one f the causes of the 6th mass extinction)

Question 2

clear cutting

Answer 2

removing all the trees from an area in a single cutting

pros:
- easy to harvest
- most economic way to harvest
- trees grow back fast bc they are the same species

cons:
- fragmentation
- less biodiversity (same species tree)
- loss of soil nutrients
- increase water temperature
- herbicides are used before replanting

Question 3

biosphere reserves

Answer 3

protected areas consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact

Question 4

maximum sustainable yield

Answer 4

-the amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested w/o compromising the future availability of the resource
( y-axis: pop. size , x-axis: time )

Question 5

endangered species act (1973)

Answer 5

authorized the U.S fish and wildlife service to determine which species can be listed as endangered and prohibits the harming and trading of these species.

-organisms such as the gray wolf was benefited from this act

Question 6

CITES

Answer 6

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES

• an international agreement between 175 countries
• developed in 1973

problems:
- not everyone signed it
- no standard enforcement of punishment fro not following
- some countries do not have enough money to enforce

Question 7

first national park in U.S?

Answer 7

yellowstone national park

Question 8

national parks

Answer 8

managed for scientific, educational or recreational uses
-fishing, hiking, camping, boating, mining and oil drilling

-managed by the national park service (NPS: manages for ecosystems)

Question 9

national forests

Answer 9

• used for logging, mining, livestock, grazing, farming, recreation, conservation and oil and gas extraction
• managed by the U.S forest service

Question 10

wildlife refugee

Answer 10

• protect habitats and breeding areas but are also used for hunting, fishing, mining, logging and farming.
• managed by the U.S fish and wildlife service

Question 11

national wilderness areas

Answer 11

-set aside land to preserve tracts of intact ecosystems or landscapes

• managed by the U.S wilderness society
• most areas in the U.s are loaded in the western states (California, Oregon, Washington)

Question 12

fire management

Answer 12

-suppressing forest fires could lead to a build-up of undergrowth and liter, which if caught on fire, will cause more damage then if the fuel supplies were low.

controlled / prescribed burns: a small fire that is purposely set when conditions are just right in order to keep fuel supplies low

Question 13

country w the highest deforestation rate?

Answer 13

-malaysia, indonesia or brazil

Question 14

type of organisms going extinct

Answer 14

(in order from most to least threaten w extinction)

• fish
• mammals
• reptiles
• plants
• birds

Question 15

forest fragmentation

Answer 15

• when a forest area is reached and divided into smaller patches. this also divides the organisms into smaller groups.
• species become more vulnerable to extinction when this happens

Question 16

debt-for-nature

Answer 16

finical transaction in which a portion of a developing foreign nation’s debt is forgiven in exchange fro local investments in environmental conservation measures.

Question 17

seed and gene banks

Answer 17

• preserve genetic biodiversity in a species
• store seeds as a source for future planting
• seeds may be from a rare species or accent varieties of seeds not used in commercial processing

cons:
- expensive to operate
- seeds may not survive in the further environment

Question 18

botanical gardens

Answer 18

• conservation of plant species
• used for research and to educate people about plant con.

cons:
- have little storage capacity
- too little funding

Question 19

arboreta

Answer 19

a place where an extensive variety of woody plants (trees) re cultivated for scientific or educational purposes.

Question 20

zoos

Answer 20

-used as captive breeding sites, conserving rare and endangered species and used for public education

cons:
- animals that are kept in captivity usually don’t survive once put back into the wild
- organisms got through abuse from visitors

Question 21

biodiversity hot-spot

Answer 21

a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction.

Question 22

urban, suburban and rural areas

Answer 22

• most if the U.S population lives in SUBURBAN areas
• the populations were equal in all three in the 1960s
• greatest overall growth rate: SUBURBAN

Question 23

yellowstone national park: gray wolves

Answer 23

w/o wolves:

• overgrazing due to increased elk, moose and antelope populations
• major soil erosion
• threatened niches

with wolves:

• decreased (back to stable) elk, moose and antelope populations
• more beavers returned to ecosystem
• grizzly bear population grew
• aspen and willow tress started to grow back

Question 24

BLM lands

Answer 24

• natural resource lands used for mining, oil and gas extraction and livestock grazing
• managed by the BLM AKA the bureau of land management