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APES > chapter 16, 17, 18, EXAM > Flashcards

chapter 16, 17, 18, EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

FRACKING (HYDRAULIC FRACTURING)

A
  • OLD TECHNIQUE TO INCREASE OIL PRODUCTION FROM WORKED OUT OIL WELLS (NO LONGER GIVING OIL TRADITIONALLY)
  • WATER LACED W/ CHEMICALS IS PUMPED DOWN THE WELL TO FRACTURE THE SHALE AND RELEASES THE GAS WHICH THEN CAN BE PUMPED UP
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2
Q

FRACKING: PROS AND CONS

A

PRO:
-INCREASES THE PRESSURE = INCREASE FLOW RATE OF MATERIALS

CON:
-METHANE LEAKS AND CONTAMINATES GROUNDWATER

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3
Q

NATURAL GAS

A

-EXSISTS IN GASEOUS DEPOSITS AND AS A COMPOUND OF PETROLEUM

80-95% METHANE
5-20% ETHANE, PROPANE AND BUTANE

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4
Q

NATURAL GAS PROS

A
  • HIGH NET ENERGY
  • LOW COST W HUGE SUBSIDIES
  • LESS AIR POLLUTION (LOW CO2 EMISSIONS)
  • LOW LAND USE
  • EASILY TRANSPORTED BY PIPELINE
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5
Q

NATURAL GAS CONS

A
  • NONRENEWABLE
  • STILL RELEASES CO2
  • METHANE LEAKS
  • SHIPPED AS HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE LNG
  • CONTAMINATES GROUNDWATER
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6
Q

COAL

A

-SOLID FUEL FORMED PRIMARILY FROM THE REMAINS OF ANCIENT AND PRESERVED PLANTS

4 TYPES

  1. LIGNITE (LOW HEAT CONTENT, LOW SULFUR, SOFTEST)
  2. SUB-BITUMINOUS
  3. BITUMINOUS (HIGH HEAT CONTENT, HIGH SULFUR)
  4. ANTHRCITE (HIGH HEAT, LOW SULFUR, MOST CARBON)
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7
Q

COAL PROS

A
  • ENERGY DENSE
  • PLENTIFUL
  • EASY TO EXPLOIT
  • ECONOMIC COSTS LOW
  • EASY TO TRANSPORT AND HANDLE
  • NEEDS LITTLE REFINING
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8
Q

COAL CONS

A
  • NONRENEWABLE
  • MANY IMPURITIES RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
  • TRACES OF METALS AND POISONS IN AIR
  • INCREASES SULFUR DIOXIDE LEVELS IN AIR
  • ASH IS LEFT BEHIND
  • CARBON LEADS TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • SEVERE LAND DISTURBANCE
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9
Q

NUCLEAR POWER

A

*FISSION- A NUCLEAR REACTION IN WHICH A NEUTRON STRIKES A RELATIVELY LARGE ATOMIC NUCLEUS WHICH THEN SPLITS INTO TWO MORE PARTS (URANIUM 235)

FUSION- ANUCLEAR REACTION IN WHICH LIGHTER NUCLEI ARE FORCED TOGETHER TO PRODUCE HEAVIER NUCLEI AND HEAT IS RELEASED. HOWEVER THIS HEAT IS HARD TO CONTAIN. ( SUN AND STARS )

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10
Q

NUCLEAR POWER PROS

A
  • NO AIR POLLUTION
  • USED TO LIMIT THE NEED FOR OIL
  • LARGE FUEL SUPPLY
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11
Q

NUCLEAR POWER CONS

A
  • NONRENEWABLE
  • HIGH COSTS
  • LOW NET ENERGY YEILD
  • HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT (IF ACCIDENTS OCCUR)
  • SUBJECT FOR TERRORISTS ATTACKS
  • NO LONG TERM WAY TO STORE HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE WASTES
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12
Q

SOLAR CELL PROS

A
  • RENEWABLE (REDUCES DEPENDENCE OF FOSSIL FUELS)
  • FAIRLY HIGH NET ENERGY
  • LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
  • NO CO2 EMISSIONS
  • QUICK INSTALLATION
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13
Q

SOLAR CELL CONS

A
  • NEEDS ACCESS TO SUN
  • LOW EFFICIENCY
  • NEEDS ELECTRICITY STORAGE SYSTEM OR BACKUP SYSTEM
  • HIGH LAND USE AND CAN DISRUPT DESERT AREAS
  • HIGH COSTS
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14
Q

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

A
  • HYDROELECTRICTY: ELECTRCITY GENERATED FROM THE KINETIC ENERGY OF MOVING WATER.
  • SECOND MOST COMMON FORM OF RENEWABLE ENERGY*
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15
Q

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PROS

A
  • RENEWABLE (REDUCES DEPENDENCE OF FOSSIL FUELS)
  • HIGH ENERGY NET GAIN
  • HIGH EFFIENCEY
  • PROVIDES FLOOD CONTROL
  • RESERVOIRS COULD BE USED FOR IRRIGATION AND RECREATION
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16
Q

HYDROELECTRIC POWER CONS

A
  • HIGH CONSTRUCTION COSTS (DAMS)
  • DAMS INTERFERE WITH FISH MIGRATION
  • MAY CAUSE BOAT TRAFFIC
  • HIGH INTIAL CO2 BC OF CONSTRUCTION
  • GEOGRAPHICALLY LIMITED
  • THREAT TO RIVER ECOSYSTEMS
  • DISPLACEMENT OF PEOPLE (THREE GORGES DAM, CHINA)
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17
Q

WIND POWER

A

-USING A WIND TURBINE TO CONVERT KINETIC ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

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18
Q

WIND POWER PROS

A
  • RENEWABLE (REDUCES DEPENDENCE OF FOSSIL FUELS)
  • HIGH NET ENERGY, HIGH EFFICIENCY
  • LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
  • LOW CO2 EMISSIONS
  • QUICK CONSTRUCTION W EASY EXPANSION
  • LOW UP-FRONT COSTS
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19
Q

WIND POWER CONS

A
  • VISUAL AND NOISE POLLUTION
  • REQUIRES OFF GRID BATTERY SYSTEMS
  • GEOGRAPHICALLY LIMITED
  • MAY INTERFERE IN FLIGHTS OF MIGRATORY BIRDS
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20
Q

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

A

-USING HEAT FROM THE NATURAL RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF ELEMENTS DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH (EXTREME HEAT)

21
Q

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PROS

A
  • RENEWABLE (REDUCES DEPENDENCE OF FOSSIL FUELS)
  • VERY HIGH EFFICIENCY
  • LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IF MANGED CORRECTLY
  • LOW COST
  • MODERATE CO2 EMISSIONS
22
Q

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CONS

A
  • SCARCITY OF SUITABLE SITES
  • EMITS HAZERDOUS GASES AND STEAM
  • NOISE AND ODOR POLLUTION
23
Q

BIOMASS

A
  • ENERGY FROM THE SUN (ULTIMATELY ALMOST ALL ENERGY COMES FROM THE SUN. (WOOD, CHARCOAL, MANURE)
  • BIOFUELS: ETHONAL AND BIODIESEL ARE USED AS SUBSTATIONS FOR GAS AND DISEL FUEL
24
Q

BIOMASS PROS

A
  • POTENTIALLY RENEWABLE
  • CAN HELP REDUCE DEPENDENCE OF FOSSIL FUELS
  • ELIMINATES WASTES FROM THE ENV.
  • AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE
  • MINIMAL TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED
25
Q

BIOMASS CONS

A
  • DEFORSTATION
  • EROSION
  • INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
  • POSSIBLE INCREASE IN GREENHOUSE GASE EMISSIONS
26
Q

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

A

TWO TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS: LIGHT WATER

  1. BOILING WATER REACTORS: USES HEAT FROM THE CORE TO BOIL WATER INTO STEAM THAT THEN SPINS TURBINES. ( 2 SYSTEMS)
  2. PRESSURIZED WATER REACTORS: USES HEAT FORM THE CORE TO HEAT A SECOND WATER SUPPLY VIA A HEAT EXCHANGER. (3 SYSTEMS)

CONTROL RODS: ABORBS NEUTRONS
MODERATOR: SLOWS DOWN NEUTRONS IN FISSION PRO.
COOLANT: USUALLY WATER, REMOVES HETA
DRY CASKS: STORAGE FOR FUEL RODS

27
Q

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PROS

A
  • NO AIR POLLUTION
  • NO WATER POLLUTION
  • LOW LAND DISTURBANCE
28
Q

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CONS

A
  • NUCLEAR WASTES
  • LIFE SPAN: 40 YRS PRODUCING ELECTRCITY
  • LOW NET ENERGY YEILD
  • MANY SAFETY ISSUES
29
Q

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT HEALTH DANGER

A

THE SPREAD OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL BY THE NUCLEAR PP CAUSES…

  • DAMAGE TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • THYROID, BREAST, STOMACH AND LEUKEMIA CANCER

TOO MUCH EXPOSURE TO RADIOACTIVITY CAN CUASE IMMEDIATE DEATH

30
Q

NIMBY

A

(Not In My BackYard)

-WHEN PEOPLE SUFFER FROM MENTAL STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION CAUSED BY CONCERNS FOR THEIR SAFETY

31
Q

RADIOACTIVE WASTES

A

3 TYPES

  1. HIGH LEVEL: FUEL RODS
  2. LOW LEVEL: TOOLS, BUILDING MATERIALS (CONTAMINATED NOT RADIOACTIVE ITSELF)
  3. TALINGS : LEFTOVER URANIUM

LOW LW ARE SHIPPED TO A REGIONAL AREA RUN NY THE GOVN. AND KEPT UNTIL THEY DECAY

HIGH LW ARE USUALLY KEPT ON SITE
(YUCCA MT WAS A POSSIBLE SITE)

32
Q

DECOMMISSIONING A WORN-OUT POWER PLANT

A

3 WAYS:
1. DISMANTLE THE PLANT AND STORE ITS LARGE VOLUME OF HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN A STORAGE FACILITY

  1. PUT UP A PHYSICAL BARRIER AROUND THE PLAN AND SET UP A FULL TIME SECURITY UNTIL THE PLANT IS DISMANTLED
  2. ENCLOSE THE ENTIRE PLANT IN A TOMB (CONCRETE) THAT MOST LAST AND BE MONITORED FRO SEVERAL THOUSANDS OF YEARS AROUND THE CLOCK
33
Q

THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT

A

PENNSYLVANIA, USA, MARCH 1979

WHAT HAPPENED:

  • LEVEL 5 ACCIDENT
  • EQUIPMENT FAIL AND HUMAN ERROR
  • CORE OVERHEATED AND PARTIAL MELTDOWN, RADIOCTIVE STEAM ESCAPES
  • WORST US NUCLEAR PP ACCIDENT

DAMAGES, INJURIES, FATALITES

  • $2.4 BILLION IN PROPERTY DAMAGE
  • VERY LOW LEVEL HEALTH EFFECTS

*SINCE THE ACCIDENT THE DAMAGE UNIT NEVER REOPENED AND THE REST OF THE PLANT IS HIGHLY SECURE

34
Q

CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT

A

CHERNOBYL, UKRAINE, 1986

WHAT HAPPENED:

  • LEVEL 7 ACCIDENT
  • POWER SURGE DURING TESTING PROCEDURES
  • STEAM EXPLOSION AND FIRE
  • RELEASE OF CORE MATERIAL
  • 30 KM ECULSION ZONE

DAMAGES, INJURIES, FATALITES

  • 56 DEATHES
  • 4,000 CANCER FATALITES
  • 2 CITIES ABANDONED (CHERNOBYL AND PRIPYAT)

*DAMAGED UNIT CLOSED AND COVERED W CONCRETE. 200 TONS OF HIGHLY RW IS STILL ALONG THE UNIT.
NEW CONFINEMENT CENTER FOR 2016

35
Q

PASSIVE SOLAR POWER

A
  • THE USE OF BUILDING MATERIALS, BUILDING PLACEMENT AND DESIGN TO COLLECT SOLAR ENERGY TO KEEP THE BUILDING WARM OR COOL. (THROUGH WINDOWS )
  • CAN LOWER YOUR ELECTRICITY BILL
36
Q

ACTIVE SOLAR POWER

A

-THE USE OF DEVICES, SUCH AS SOLAR PANELS, TAHT COLLECT, TRANSPORT OR STORE SOLAR ENERGY.

37
Q

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING PROS

A
  • ENERGY IS FREE
  • NET ENERGY IS MODERATE (ACTIVE)
  • NET ENERGY IS HIGH (PASSIVE)
  • QUICK INSTALLATION
  • NO CO2 EMISSIONS
  • VERY LOW AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
  • VERY LOW LAND DISTURBANCE
  • MODERATE COST (PASSIVE)
38
Q

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING CONS

A
  • NEEDS ACCESS TO THE SUN 60% OF THE TIME
  • NEED HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM (ACTIVE)
  • HIGH COST (ACTIVE)
  • ACTIVE SYSTEMS NEED MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
  • ACTIVE COLLECTORS UNATTRACTIVE
39
Q

PEAK DEMAND AND SAVING MONEY

A

PEAK DEMAND: THE MAX DEMAND THAT MIGHT BE REACHED FOR ANY SERVICE OR PRODUCT DURING A PERIOD OF TIME

-UTILITY CUSTOMERS CAN PAY LESS TO USE ENERGY WHEN DEMAND IS LOWEST AND MORE DURING PEAK DEMAND (NOT USING DURING PEAK DEMAND SAVES YOU MONEY)

40
Q

ACHIEVING ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY

A

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE BUILDING WE LIVE AND WORK IN (SUPER-INSULATION, ECO-ROOFS, ENERGY SAVING APPLIANCES, USING MORE RENEWABLE ENERGY)

ENERGY CONSERVATION: FINDING WAYS TO USE LESS ENERGY (LOWERING THERMOSTAT)

-IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY INCREASING STANDARDS, AND OFFERING TAX CREDITS

41
Q

COGENERATION

A
  • USING ENERGY TWICE*
  • USING FUEL TO GENERATE ELECTRIFY AND PRODUCE HEAT AT THE SAME TIME
  • IMPROVES EFFICIENCY UP TO 90%

EX: STEAM IS USED TO BOTH TURN THE TURBINES AND HEAT THE BUILDING

42
Q

RECLAMATION

A

-THE RETURN OF MASSIVELY SCARRED, DENUDED OR DEVASTATED LAND TO A CONDITION THAT IS ENVIRONMENTALLY USEFUL AND SOCIALLY AND POLITICALLY ACCEPTABLE

EX: COMPLYING W/ THE SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT

43
Q

U.S STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE

A
  • AN EMERGENCY FUEL STORAGE SYSTEM OF OIL. IT IS THE LARGEST EMERGENCY SUPPLY SYSTEM IN THE WORLD.
  • ESTABLISHED IN 1977 AFTER MANY PROPOSES OF MAKING A RESERVE OF CRUDE OIL
44
Q

ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

PROS AND CONS OF OIL EXTRACTION

A

PROS:

  • COULD INCREASE U.S OIL AND NATURAL GAS SUPPLIES
  • COULD REDUCE OIL IMPORTS
  • WOULD BRING JOBS AND REVENUE TO ALASKA
  • MAY LOWER OIL PRICES
  • NEW DRILLING TECH. LEAVE LITTLE ENVR. IMPACT

CONS:

  • LITTLE CHANCE FOR FINDING ENOUGH OIL
  • COST TOO MUCH FOR THE VERY LITTLE POTENTIAL
  • OIL SPILLS COULD AFFECT ECOSYSTEMS AROUND THEM
45
Q

MOST COMMON FUEL IN THE U.S

A

PETROLEUM

46
Q

MOST COMMON FUEL USED IN THE WORLD

A

NONRENEWABLE ENERGY (FOSSIL FUELS)

47
Q

PROCESS OF BOILING CRUDE OIL TO MAKE DIFFERENT ENRGY SOURCES

A

REFINING CRUDE OIL (HEATING AND DISTILLING)

48
Q

FASTEST GROWING SOURCE OF ENERGY

A

RENEWABLE ENERGY(WIND) AND NUCLEAR POWER

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