chapter 14, 19, 23 EXAM

Question 1

biomagnification

Answer 1

levels of toxins are stronger (magnified) as they pass through food chains and webs. the concentration of a toxic substance will increases in each successive link in the food chain.
-higher trophic level = higher amt. of toxins

Question 2

bioaccumulation

Answer 2

molecules are absorbed and stored in specific organs or tissues at higher rates than the normal level

Question 3

DDT

Answer 3

a chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been widely used as an insecticide but is now banned in some countries

• highly resistant
• biologically magnified

Question 4

GMOs

Answer 4

(genetically modified organisms)

• discourage biodiversity (reason why usage is controversial)
• increases antibiotic resistance
• could cause more pests to be born resistance to pesticides
• pose new allergen risks
• may harm beneficial organisms

positive effects are a higher yield of crops and faster growing crops

Question 5

how to get rid of insect pests

Answer 5

-pesticides

IPM:

• introducing natural enemies
• cultivation practices
• introducing hormones and pheromones
• traps and barriers
• intercropping, polyculture, crop rotation

Question 6

circle of poison

Answer 6

when residues or banned or unapproved chemicals exported to other countries can return to the country

Question 7

integrated pest management (IPM)

Answer 7

-overall goal: reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level.

steps:
1. monitoring pest damage levels
2. control crop management
3. biological controls and hormone attractors
4. careful usage of chemicals

-biological, chemical and cultivation processes such as natural predators, intercropping,crop rotation, traps and hormone interrupters.

Question 8

desalination

Answer 8

purification of salt water or brackish (slightly salty) water by removal of dissolved salts

Question 9

desertification

Answer 9

• when topsoil is lost and changed into desertlike land

causes: overgrazing, deforestation, prolonged drought, soil erosion and climate change

Question 10

second green revolution

Answer 10

• began in the 1960s
• improved crop production further by developing high yielding crop varieties
• introduction of GMO’s and modified plants

Question 11

vegetarianism VS eating meat

Answer 11

advantages of being a vegetarian:

• low risk of high cholesterol
• low risk of heart disease
• low risk of high blood pressure

Question 12

famine

Answer 12

widespread malnutrition and starvation in a particular area because of a shortage of food, usually caused by drought, war, flood, or earthquakes (anything that affects food production and distribution)

Question 13

no till farming

Answer 13

farmers plant seeds without using a plow to turn the soil

-this prevents the carbon content from the soil to be released from the atmosphere during plowing.

Question 14

agroforestry

Answer 14

agriculture + forestry

• crops and stock are raised on the same land as a stand of woody perennials.
• high biodiversity levels
• lower soil loss

Question 15

intercropping

Answer 15

AKA STRIP CROPPING

planting bands of of different crops across a hillside

-prevents erosion by creating an extensive network of roots that hold onto the soil.

Question 16

interplanting

Answer 16

simultaneously growing several crops on the same plot

-reduces the chance of losing a large yield of crops to pests, bad weather or other misfortunes.

Question 17

polyculture

Answer 17

many different plants maturing at various rates are planned together

• less need for fertilizer and water because the plants roots systems are at different depths
• protection from soil erosion
• little need for insecticides and herbicides

Question 18

effects of eating and not eating meat

Answer 18

-missing nutrients that you can only get from meat
-missing high quality protein
-

Question 19

effects of eating and not eating grains

Answer 19

-

Question 20

most commonly eaten grains

Answer 20

1. wheat
2. rice
3. corn

Question 21

by-catch

Answer 21

any species of fish, mammals or birds that are caught that are not the “target organisms

Question 22

fishery

Answer 22

the industry or occupation devoted to the catching, processing or selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals

Question 23

aquaculture

Answer 23

the raising of fish and other aquatic species under captivity for harvest

Question 24

plague

Answer 24

• caused by a bacterium in rodents
• not transmissible from human to human
• antibiotics can be used as treatment

Question 25

tuberculosis

Answer 25

• highly infectious disease

- respiratory system problems, but could also affect the brain and skin and the spine

Question 26

ebola

Answer 26

• transmitted by the blood or body fluids of an infected person or animal
• death due to fever, vomiting, internal or external bleeding
• no cure or vaccine at this time

Question 27

west nile virus

Answer 27

• symptoms: fever headache, rashes, muscle weakness and vomiting
• does not have a medical cure but can be treated w antibiotics

Question 28

bird flu

Answer 28

• most types are limited to birds
• symptoms of regular flu
• treatment with antiviral medication

Question 29

infectious disease

Answer 29

diseases caused by organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) can spread from person to person

Question 30

noninfectious disease

Answer 30

does not spread from person to person