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apush > chapters 35 + 36 > Flashcards

chapters 35 + 36 Flashcards

1
Q

Harry Truman

A

An accidental president, Truman was called the “average man’s average man.” He was stubbornly loyal to his “Missouri gang.” On occasion, he would send critics hot-tempered and profane “s.o.b.” letters, and he was confident to the point of cockiness. He ordered the development of the hydrogen bomb

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2
Q

the Cold War

A

Different visions of the postwar world separated the two superpowers, creating a tense standoff known as the Cold War that lasted 4 ⅓ decades

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3
Q

Bretton Woods Conference (IMF, World
Bank)

A

At Bretton Woods, NH, the Western Allies formed:

  1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulation currency exchange rates
  2. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) [commonly called the World Bank], charged with providing economic assistance to struggling nations
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4
Q

United Nations (Security Council, General Assembly)

A

The first UN Conference opened on April 25, 1945

The Security Council is made up of 5 permanent nations (the U.S., the U.K., the USSR [now Russian Fed.], France, and China), plus ten members are rotated from the General Assembly for two-year terms

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5
Q

Berlin Airlift

A

The Western Allies organized a massive airlift to drop supplies on W. Berlin

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6
Q

containment

A

Truman adopted a “get-tough-with-Russia” policy in 1947. “Containment doctrine” involved using economic measures and psychological warfare to defend the world from Soviet expansion (doctrine was formulated by policy maker George F. Kennan)

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7
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

“It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

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8
Q

the Marshall Plan

A

Western European countries were still suffering hunger and economic chaos spawned by the war. Sec. of State George C. Marshall invited the Europeans to get together and work out a joint economic recovery plan financed by the U.S.

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9
Q

the National Security Act

A

Established the National Security Council to advise the president and the CIA to oversee foreign fact-finding

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10
Q

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

A

The U.S. joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 - an alliance of (now 32) nations. The Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955 in opposition. [This was dissolved in 1991]

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11
Q

Korean War (cause & effect)

A

Cause: North Korea invaded South Korea

Effect: No formal peace treaty was signed, leading to an ongoing state of tension between North and South Korea.

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12
Q

Douglas MacArthur

A

General who led United Nations Command in the Korean war, but was removed from title by Truman for his aggression on Chinese

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13
Q

NSC-68

A

A proposed massive U.S. military expansion as stated in National Security Council Memorandum 68 (NSC-68) prior to the war, was brought to fruition in Korea

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14
Q

38th parallel

A

Division of North and South Korea

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15
Q

Executive Order 9981

A

Truman issued Executive Order 9981, which desegregated the armed forces (Korean War)

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16
Q

Loyalty Review Board

A

Was tasked with investigating more than 3 million federal employees because of fear of communist spies undermining the govt.

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17
Q

Smith Act

A

The first peacetime anti-sedition law since 1798

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18
Q

HUAC

A

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was est’d in 1938 and disbanded in 1975

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19
Q

The McCarran Internal Security Bill

A

Allowed the president to arrest and detain suspicious people during an internal security emergency

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19
Q

Alger Hiss

A

Alger Hiss, a high-level clerk in the State Dept., was accused of being a communist spy. He was convicted of perjury (lying under oath) and sentence to 5 years in prison

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20
Q

Klaus Fuchs and the Rosenbergs

A

Were tried for espionage (selling secrets about the atomic bomb to the soviets)

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21
Q

McCarthyism

A

Senator Joseph McCarthy gained attention for his reelection campaign by claiming that known communists worked for the State Dept.

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22
Q

Taft-Hartley Act

A

This act outlawed the closed shop and required union leaders to take an oath that they were not communists

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23
Q

Dixiecrats

A

Southern Democrats, “Dixiecrats,” alienated by Truman’s strong stand on civil rights, nominated SC Gov. Strom Thurmond

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24
Truman’s Fair Deal
Was similar to the New Deal: it called for improved housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVA-like projects, and an extension of Social Security
25
Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights
Truman est’d the President’s Committee on Civil Rights to investigate civil rights abuses
26
GI Bill
Made provisions for sending veterans to school and paid them $20/week for a year
27
Era of Affluence
GNP began to climb again in 1948; by 1950 the economy was booming. National income doubled in the 50s, and again in the 60s. This ushered in the Era of Affluence
28
Sunbelt
A 15-state area stretching from VA through FL and TX to AZ and CA (was a new frontier for America)
29
Levittown
(Long Island, NY, post WWII) and its imitators (planned suburbs) sprouted around the country
30
white flight
White people moving from urban → suburban areas post WWII
31
Baby Boom
More than 50 million babies were added to the population by the end of the 1950s
32
Pink-collar ghetto
More than 30 million women worked in clerical/service work (dubbed the “pink collar ghetto”)
33
Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan wrote about how women were unhappy with their lives as suburban housewives. The book started a wave of feminism in the U.S.
34
Consumerism in the 50s
Diner’s Club produced the first plastic credit card in 1950, the first McDonald’s opened in CA (1954), Disneyland opened in CA (1955), by 1960 virtually every American owned a TV, Marilyn Monroe popularized new standards of sexuality, as did Playboy magazine (1953)
35
Dwight Eisenhower
Won the elections of 1952 and 1956. He believed in humanitarianism but was conservative in his approach to the economy and government. He wanted to balance the budget (succeeding 3 times out of 8 years), keep gov’t small, and guard against “creeping socialism.”
36
Nixon’s Checkers speech
Nixon was nearly dropped from the ticket over a scandal involving a “secret” (but not illegal) slush fund he had used while serving in the Senate. Nixon was open about this fund. He used TV to apologize in the heart-tugging “Checkers speech." He said that the little dog (Checkers) was the only gift that he had ever kept, and his girls loved him
37
Eisenhower’s “Dynamic Conservatism”
Eishennhower believed in humanitarianism but was conservative in his approach to the economy and government. He wanted to balance the budget (succeeding 3 times out of 8 years), keep gov’t small, and guard against “creeping socialism”
38
“New Look” foreign policy
1. Maintain the vitality of the economy 2. Rely on nuclear weapons to deter Communist aggression 3. Use the CIA to carry out covert actions against those directly/indirectly under Soviet control 4. Strengthen relationships with our allies
39
massive retaliation
Using nuclear weapons on enemies (the Soviets or Chinese) if threatened
40
brinkmanship
"The ability to go to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art.” (Dulles)
41
Ho Chi Minh
Led the Viet Minh (Vietnamese Nationalists) against the French. He had the support of the Soviets and Chinese
42
Dien Bien Phu
A key French fort that fell in 1954
43
17th parallel
At the Geneva Conference (1955), Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel
44
Domino Theory
Eisenhower promised aid to the South due to his belief in Domino Theory, the idea that if one country falls to communism, the neighboring country will fall
45
“Open Skies” program using U-2 spy planes
Talks with the Soviets went nowhere; Ike proposed an “Open Skies” program to allow both countries to use aerial surveillance for intelligence gathering. Khrushchev refused. In 1956, Ike authorized the CIA to start top-secret U-2 flights over the U.S.S.R.
46
SEATO
(Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) a defensive alliance that only contained two Asian countries (the Philippines and Thailand)
47
Taiwan Straits Crisis
Ike threatened the Chinese during the Taiwan Straits Crisis, when the PRC bombed islands off the coast of Taiwan
48
CIA overthrow of Mossadegh in Iran
The CIA engineered a coup (Op. Ajax) in 1953 that overthrew pro-Communist Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh and replaced him with Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi
49
the Suez Crisis
The U.S., France, and G.B. withdrew aid to Egypt for the Aswan Dam project b/c President Nasser had nationalized the Suez Canal Co. (formerly owned jointly by the French & British).With Western Europe’s oil supply in danger, France & GB (colluding with Israel) attacked Egypt in 1956
50
OPEC
In 1960, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran joined with Venezuela to form the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a cartel
51
the Eisenhower Doctrine
Pledged U.S. military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggression
52
the DEW line
The Distant Early Warning (DEW) line was in place by 1957. (In cooperation w/ Canada, the aim was to detect Soviet bombers)
53
ICBMs
Fear that the Soviets would reach the U.S. with Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) swept the nation
54
The National Defense Education Act
Passed to ensure that students had access to science and math courses
55
Military-Industrial Complex
In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned the public about the dangerous cycle of military build-up aided by the large arms industry, which was vulnerable to abuse of power [connection to Nye Comm. findings post-WWI]
56
Kennedy-Nixon debate
Kennedy-Nixon Debate was the first televised debate (demonstrated the importance of image)
57
abstract expressionism
Jackson Pollock pioneered abstract expressionism in the 1940s and 50s
58
“pop” art
“Pop” artists arose like Andy Worhol and Roy Lichtenstein (who parodied old-fashioned comic strips)
59
International style
A new modernist of “International Style” resulted in massive corporate high-rises
60
Liberalism
Liberalism in the 1960s was characterized by the belief that increased federal power can achieve social goals
61
JFK’s “New Frontier” program
The New Frontier program (medical assistance for the elderly, federal aid to education) was stalled in Congress
62
The Berlin Wall
At the Vienna Conference (June 1961), Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev threatened to cut off Western access to Berlin. The Soviets began to construct the Berlin Wall in Aug. 1961. This was to keep defectors from leaving E. Germany
63
“flexible response” in Vietnam
Kennedy adopted the policy of “flexible response,” (developing an array of military options that would be matched to the gravity of the situation)
64
The Alliance for Progress
The main idea was to give $20 billion to Latin American countries to establish democratic gov’ts and work toward equitable income distribution and land reform (it failed)
65
Fidel Castro
When Fidel Castro ousted Batista and took over Cuba in the Revolution of 1959, he started confiscating U.S.-owned property in Cuba and allied himself with the U.S.S.R. The U.S. retaliated by cutting off sugar imports from Cuba
66
Bay of Pigs fiasco
Kennedy inherited an Eisenhower-era CIA scheme to invade Cuba with anticommunist Cuban exiles, trigger a popular uprising, and overthrow Fidel Castro. On April 17, 1961, about 1,200 exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs, where they were quickly surrounded by the Cuban forces. Castro survived many attempts on his life (part of “Operation Mongoose,” the general plan of covert action against Cuba), which had the effect of driving him closer to the Soviets
67
Cuban Missile Crisis
In Oct. 1962, photos of Cuba taken by U-2 spy planes revealed that the Soviets were secretly installing nuclear-tipped missiles in Cuba. Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba and demanded immediate removal of the missiles
68
JFK assassination
According to the official Warren Commission report, Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963

apush (23 decks)

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