chapters 28 +29 Flashcards
Progressives
Middle class reformers from both major parties, in all regions, who waged war against society’s “evils”: e.g., monopoly, corruption, social injustice. They aimed to use gov’t as an agency of human welfare
Muckrakers
Believed that their writing would arouse the public conscience & lead to the righting of social wrongs
Jacob Riis
Wrote How the Other Half Lives
Upton Sinclair
Wrote The Jungle (meatpacking)
progressive achievements
Direct primary elections, the initiative (voters could propose legislation), the referendum (people would give final approval to laws), the recall (to enable voters to remove elected officials), the Australian (secret) ballot, direct election of U.S. senators, women’s suffrage
Muller v. Oregon
The Supreme Court ruled that an Oregon law limiting female factory workers to a 10-hr. day based on their “weaker bodies” was constitutional
Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire
violations in the fire code turned the factory into a death trap; 146 workers (most women) died inside or fell from the 8th or 9th story windows
The NY legislature then passed stringent laws regulating hours & conditions in sweatshop labor. The owners’ trial resulted in an acquittal. Jurors believed it was an “act of God”
TR’s Square Deal
- Control of the Corporations:
Regulating, not fragmenting, all trusts (some were good, some bad) - Consumer protection:
The public wanted safer canned products (w/o botulism, rats, rope ends, etc.) - Conservation of natural resources:
Very few natural parks existed when TR took office
Elkins Act
RR legislation that issued heavy fines for rebates
Hepburn Act
no free passes (tf??)
Meat Inspection Act
meat that crossed state lines was subject to inspection “from corral to can”
Pure Food and Drug Act
required ingredient labels on canned goods & packages
Conservation vs. Preservation
Conservation - multiple uses. Preservation - cannot be touched
John Muir
Preservationist, founder of the Sierra Club
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft encouraged Wall St. bankers to invest in foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S. (China, the Caribbean, Central America). The goal was to undermine the dominance of European countries in these regions
Taft the Trustbuster
90 lawsuits against the trusts in 4 years
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill
Aimed to lower the tariff, but failed due to the hundreds of tariff revisions tacked onto it
Taft-Roosevelt split
Bull Moose Party
TR abandoned his promise not to run for a third term by joining the Progressive, or “Bull Moose” Party
TR’s New Nationalism
included consolidation of trusts, the growth of govt. regulation, women’s suffrage, & social welfare
Wilson’s New Freedom
progressive, including stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, & tariff reductions
Wilson’s Triple Wall of Privilege
- The Tariff (The Underwood Tariff)
- The Banks (Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act)
- The Trusts (The Federal Trade Commission Act & The Clayton Anti-Trust Act)
the Underwood Tariff
substantially reduced tariff rates
the Federal Reserve Act
set up a Board to:
1. oversee a nationwide system of 12 regional banks
2. issue paper money
the Federal Trade Commission Act
set up a commission to look for unfair trade practices in industries engaged in interstate commerce
the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by adding a list of objectionable business practices (e.g. price discrimination, interlocking directorates)
Wilson’s Missionary Policy
Wilson disliked both imperialism & dollar diplomacy, yet his dream was to see democracy established in Latin America
the Vera Cruz incident
a lot look at notes plz
