chapters 1 + 2 Flashcards
Mesoamerican civilizations
Inca (Peru), Maya (Central America), & Aztec (Mexico)
Mississippian culture
Built huge earthen mounds
Pueblo peoples
Constructed irrigation systems & multi-story buildings
Norse
First landed in Greenland, then Newfoundland
Pizarro
Invaded the Inca Empire in 1532 & enslaved many to work in silver mines
Cortes
Landed near Veracruz, Mexico & marched on Tenochtitlan. He was welcomed by Moctezuma in 1519 because it was believed that Cortes was Quetzacoatl, an Aztec god. Cortes held Montezuma hostage & demanded gold
Moctezuma
Welcomed Cortes and was held hostage.
Columbus
Columbus wanted to reach the Far East and find a lot of gold, he failed at both
Juan de Onate
First gov. of New Mexico
Elizabeth I
Became Queen of England in 1558. Rivalry with Spain then intensified b/c Protestant England clashed with Catholic Spain
Francis Drake
(English buccaneer) seized Spanish treasure ships
Sir Walter Raleigh
Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Colony was established by John White and 116 settlers in 1585 (he never visited the colony)
John White
White left the Roanoke Colony for England to get supplies & wasn’t able to return until 1590. The colony vanished
Philip II
Attacked England with his “Invincible Armada” (1588). The armada was defeated
Lord De La Warr
Brought new settlers to VA & implemented a harsh military regime. His “Irish tactics” uncluded raiding Powhatan villages, confiscating provisions, & torching cornfields. This & other events led to the First Anglo-Powhatan War
John Smith
Organized Jamestown, left the colony in 1609 due to a powder burn, explored New England & created a map, & was involved in capturing a number of Algonquian Indians who were sold into slavery
John Rolfe
The first Anglo-Powhatan War ended when Pocahontas married John Rolfe after a year in English captivity. He introduced a new strain of tobacco to the colony
Powhatan
Killed John Rolfe in 1622 when a series of attacks occured
Opechancanough
Powhatan’s younger brother, led a massacre that resulted in the deaths of ~⅓ of the Jamestown settlers
Pocahontas
Married John Rolfe after a year in English captivity
James I
Hated tobacco, he revoked the charter of the VA Company in 1624, making VA a royal colony
Charles II
Gave CT a sea-to-sea charter grant, gave RI a charter, took away Mass. Bay’s charter, established the Dominion of New England in 1686 (which included all of the New England, NY, & NJ)
Lord Baltimore
Established Maryland
Lords Proprietors
8 of King Charles II’s favorites
James Oglethorpe
Founded Georgia with the vision of a haven for debtors, protection for the northern colonies, production of silk & wine, respect for Indigenous people, & no enslaved labor (only haven for debtors works out, the rest fails)
Bering Land Bridge
The more probable way that the first people arrived to the Americas
3-sister farming
Corn, beans, and squash planted together
caravel
A boat developed by the Portuguese that could sail more closely into the wind
Columbian exchange
The comingling of the ecosystems (the Old and New Worlds)
New World → Old World: Gold & silver, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, chocolate, syphilis
Old World → New World: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, all major diseases known at the time, enslaved people from Africa
conquistador
A conqueror from Spain who came in service of God but was really looking for gold & glory
Treaty of Tordesillas
Pope Alexander VI drew a line on the map dividing New World lands between Spain & Portugal
Encomienda system
State-sanctioned enslavement - it allowed the Spanish gov’t to enslave American Indians as long as they Christianize them
mestizo/mestiza
A “new race” that originated from relationships between Spanish men & Indigenous women
missions
Featured in hundreds of Spanish cities & towns, used to convert people to be Catholic
Battle of Acoma
The Spanish proclaimed the province of New Mexico after the battle of Acoma (1599). Male survivors were enslaved & had their left foot severed. Women were sent away
Pope’s Rebellion
Indigenous people rebelled, destroying every Catholic Church in NM, killing hundreds, & driving out settlers (also called Pueblo Revolt)
buccaneers
Seized Spanish treasure ships
Roanoke colony
Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Colony was established by John White and 116 settlers in 1585. White left for England to get supplies & wasn’t able to return until 1590. The colony vanished when he returned.
Spanish Armada
King Philip II decided to attack England with his “Invincible Armada” (1588). The Armada was defeated. English fire ships & a storm took out about 50/130 Spanish ships. The English emerged as the major world power, unified under Elizabeth & filled with a sense of nationalism
enclosure movement
The decision to turn cropland into sheep grazing pasture forced small farmers off the land or into tenancy
primogeniture
Only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates
joint-stock company
A group of investors who put up the capital needed (in return for shares in the company) to finance expensive expeditions to the New World. The goal was to make a quick profit (they weren’t in it for long-term settlement)
charter
Recieved by companies from the monarch which granted then the same rights they would have enjoyed at home
Virginia Company
Landed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, (where they were attacked by Indigenous people), then traveled further up the James River
Jamestown
It was a good site because it was easily defended, with deep-water frontage on a peninsula. Unfortunately, it also had brackish water and swamps, breeding malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Malaria, starvation, attacks by Indigenous people, and malnutrition killed the settlers. Only 60 survived “the starving time”
“Irish tactics”
Included raiding Powhatan villages, confiscating provisions, & torching cornfields
1st and 2nd Anglo-Powhatan
Wars
The 1st Anglo-Powhatan War ended when Pocahontas married John Rolfe after a year in English captivity
The Second Anglo-Powhatan War resulted in a 1646 treat that banished the Powhatan people from areas of white settlement
Powhatan confederacy
Fell victim to disease, disorganization, and disposability (the English saw no economic benefit to keeping the people alive)
VA House of Burgesses
The first representative government in the colonies
Maryland Act of Toleration
Intended to allow Protestants and Catholics to live in harmony (Not covered: those who denied the divinity of Jesus - Jewish people & atheists)
Barbados slave code
Imported to Carolina in 1696 (despite protest by L.P.s, who had a limited role in gov’t), denied fundamental rights to enslaved people and gave masters complete control over them
Church of England (Anglican)
Became the dominant faith
