chapters 25 + 26 Flashcards
Dumbbell tenement
7-8 stories high & had shallow, sunless air shafts in the middle to provide ventilation. Several families on a floor would share a hallway toilet
“New Immigrants”
Came from Southern & Eastern Europe. Many did not speak English, were orthodox Christians or Jewish, & lived in ethnic enclaves in cities
nativism
Nativist sentiment rose in America - were we becoming a “dumping ground” rather than a “melting pot”?
Jane Addams
Opened Hull House (a settlement house) in Chicago to help women & children by offering daycare, counseling, & English instruction
American Protective Association
A nativist group that claimed 1 million members
“social gospel”
Churches should do more to help society
Salvation Army
(Founded in England) was established in America in 1880. Its aim was to help the poor (& convert them to Christianity)
YMCA/YWCA
Combined religious & physical ed.
Fundamentalists vs. Modernists
Fundamentalists - believed that Scripture is the infallible word of God
Modernists - saw some room for interpretation
Chautauqua Movement
Provided lectures featuring well-known speakers & courses for home study
Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. DuBois
Booker T. Washington (accommodationist approach) aimed for Black people to learn useful trades (“self-help”) so they could gain self-respect & economic security in a white world
Dr. William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B.) Du Bois demanded equality for Black people & helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
“yellow journalism”
Pulitzer’s colored comics, featuring the “Yellow Kid” gave the name “yellow journalism” to sensationalist reporting
Comstock Law
The first of its kind, banning the mailing of pornographic things
Carrie Chapman Catt
Became president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
WCTU
Militant women encouraged temperance through the Women’s Christian Temperance Union:
Frances Willard
Carrie A. Nation (“the Kansas Cyclone”) smashed saloons with her hatchet
literature (“Lowbrow,” Regionalism, Realism, Naturalism)
“Lowbrow”: generally inexpensive & easy-to-read
Realism: authors finding subjects for their work in the world around them
Naturalism: writers sought to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of humans
Regionalism: writers sought to chronicle the peculiarities of local ways before the coming of industrialization
“Concentration” system
First Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) & Treaty of Ft. Atkinson (1853) attempted to restrict tribes to certain areas
Sand Creek
Col. Chivington’s men massacred
Fetterman massacre
A Lakota/Cheyenne/Arapaho war party ambushed Captain Fetterman’s men. All 81 soldiers ere killed & mutilated
Second Treaty of Ft. Laramie
The govt. promised the Teton Sioux, Dakota, and Arapaho people a reservation & the rights to the Black Hills. Gold was found in the Black Hills in 1874, prompting the U.S. govt. to seize the land
Great Sioux War
The Sioux, inspired by the visions of Chief Sitting Bull [Tatankalyotanka], fought the American forces in the Great Sioux War
Sitting Bull
Sioux chief who had visions
George Custer
George A. Custer’s Seventh Cavalry (among others) were sent out to suppress the American Indian population in the West. He was vain about his appearance & arrogant in his actions
Chief Joseph
Nez Perce chief
Geronimo
Apache tribes, led by Geronimo, fought both the Mexicans & the Americans
Ghost Dance
Aimed at peacefully ending white expansion through American Indian unity and was outlawed by the government
Battle of Wounded Knee
200 Dakota Sioux (mostly women & kids) were killed by the U.S. Army. Participation in the Ghost Dance dropped dramatically
Dawes Severalty Act
Dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, & set up individual American Indian heads of households with 160 acres of land. Citizenship was promised to western tribes
Helldoradoes
Boomtowns that followed mining camps
Homestead Act
Brought 500,000 people onto the Plains, but the 160 acres was hardly enough to sustain a family on the arid Great Plains
Dry Farming
Frequent shallow cultivation, which formed the Great American Desert in the High Plains & helped bring on the Dust Bowl
Helen H. Jackson
Wrote A Century of Dishonor about the plight of American Indians
Frederick Jackson Turner
Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 essay discussed the frontier as a “safety valve” for the unemployed in cities. With the closing of the frontier, this safety valve was shut off
Jacob Coxey’s Army
A wealthy Ohio quarry owner & Populist, set out for Washington, D.C. demanding that the govt. relieve unemployment with a public works program
Pullman Strike
The Pullman Palace Car Co. cut wages by ⅓. Workers went on strike, overturning Pullman cars & paralyzing RR traffic out of Chicago. Federal troops sent in by Cleveland crushed the strike
Eugene V. Debs
Head of the American Railway Union who was sentenced to 6 months in prison for defying an injunction order (he had issued the order to strike)
McKinley vs. Bryan
Bryan advocated free silver, which he outlined in his “Cross of Gold” speech
McKinley won the election, thanks to the urban voters & his “hard money” policy
“Cross of Gold” speech
Bryan’s speech in which he advocated free silver
Gold Standard Act of 1900
Stated that paper currency could only be redeemed for gold. Signed by McKinley, this effectively stopped the fight for bimetallism
