chapters 29 + 30 Flashcards
causes of the war
Imperialism, militarism, nationalism, alliances
Franz Ferdinand
Was sent by his uncle to attend a ceremony in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Terrorists from the nationalist group The Black Hand threw a bomb at Ferdinand’s car, but it bounced off. Later, as the Archduke’s car backed up after taking a wrong turn, an assassin fired on the Archduke & his wife, Sophie
Gavrilo Princip
Assassin who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife
Wilhelm II
Germany’s Kaiser
Franz Josef
Austro-Hungary’s Emperor
Central Powers vs. Allies
Central Powers = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Allies = France, Britain, Russia (later Japan, Italy, & the U.S.)
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson keeps us out of war
Wilson’s twin goals:
1. “A war to end all war.”
2. “A crusade to make the world safe for democracy.”
Sussex Pledge
In return for ending unrestricted submarine warfare, the Germans wanted Britain to break the “hunger blockade,” which was preventing fertilizer from entering Germany
unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare policy, resumed with gusto on 1/31/1917, targeted all ships, including America’s, in the war zone
Zimmerman note
The German foreign secretary secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance. The note was intercepted & published
Russian Revolution
The aftermath meant that the Allies were all democracies (for the time being)
Fourteen Points
The points included provisions for:
Abolition of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers between nations, reduction of armaments, adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of native people, self-determination for native people, a plan for a League of Nations (Wilson felt this was most vital)
League of Nations
The U.S., which never joined the League of Nations, remained isolationist.
Espionage & Sedition acts
The Espionage Act was used to target traitors, while the Sedition Act limited wartime free speech.
propaganda campaign for the war
“Wheatless” Wednesdays, “Meatless” Tuesdays, etc. led to a 15% reduction in food consumption in America. People were urged to grow “Victory Gardens.” No ration cards
NAWSA
President Wilson was finally won over by the less militant Carrie Chapman Catt of NAWSA, who pointed to women’s patriotism during the war.
Alice Paul
Leader of National Women’s Party
Carrie Chapman Catt
Leader of NAWSA
19th Amendment
Gave women the right to vote
18th Amendment
Congress passed restrictions on production of alcohol to save grains.
Volstead Act
Passed in Oct. 1919 and went into effect in Jan. 1920. It was enacted to carry out the 18th Amendment.
selective service
The U.S. government’s system for registering men for military service in case of a draft
American Expeditionary Force
Led by General John J. Pershing and fought in France, Belgium, Italy, and Russia.
“Big Four”
President Wilson, Prime Minister David Lloyd George (G.B.), Premier Georges Clemenceau (France), and Premier Vittorio Orlando (Italy).
Versailles Treaty
Germany lost about 13.5% of its 1914 territory, the German army and navy were both limited, the Germans were initially charged $400 billion
Henry Cabot Lodge & the Irreconcilables
Led opposition to the Versailles Treaty.
Warren Harding
Won the election of 1920, perhaps aided by the fact that this was the first election in which women could vote and he was very handsome.
isolationism
The U.S., which never joined the League of Nations, remained isolationist
“red scare”
Resulted in a crusade against communists, socialists, & anarchists
Because: Presence of a Communist Party in the U.S. following the Bolshevik Revolution, intense nationalism & nativism, an epidemic of strikes (blamed on communist influence)
Palmer Raids
After a bomb exploded outside his home, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (“the Fighting Quaker”) round up suspected radicals (~6,000 in all). Agents raided gathering places of known radicals around the country. 4,000 were arrested for violating the Espionage & Sedition Acts
criminal syndicalism laws
Made it unlawful to advocate violence to secure social change
Sacco & Vanzetti
Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted in 1921 of the murder of a MA paymaster and his guard. They were Italian-Americans, atheists, anarchists, & draft dodgers. The judge & jury were prejudiced. The men were convicted on circumstantial evidence. The two were electrocuted in 1927, becoming martyrs to the radical cause
KKK
The Klan re-emerged in the 1920s: strongly nativist, anti-Catholc, anti-immigrant, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, etc. The Klan called for “Americanization” of school texts, loyalty oaths for teachers, & immigration legislation
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
Set a quota at 3% of the national origins base per the 1910 census
Immigration Act of 1924
Lowered quotas from 3% to 2% and shifted the national origins base to the 1890 census
problems with Prohibition
A new age of crime arose with wars between gangs. Bribery of police was common. Criminals made anywhere from $12-18 billion a year (about 3x the amount the govt. made). “Scarface” Al Capone made millions & was branded “Public Enemy No. 1”
Scopes Trial (Bryan, Darrow, Scopes, fundamentalism vs. modernism)
The debate arose over what should be taught in America’s classrooms: evolution or creationism? William Jennings Bryan would serve as the prosecutor in the Scopes case. He was a Fundamentalist Christian. Clarence Darrow, a notorious radical & an agnostic, saw the trial as a public forum for attacking religion. He was the defense attorney in the Scopes case
Henry Ford (Model T, Fordism, $5 day)
Did not invent the gasoline engine, but he revolutionized car production by the assembly line (Fordism) & paying workers $5/day. Ford’s Model T was very popular. By 1914, 500,000 had been produced
the Wright Bros.
Kitty Hawk, NC, Dec. 17, 1903. [12 seconds, 120 ft.]
Charles Lindbergh
“Lucky Lindy,” piloted his Spirit of St. Louis from NY to Paris in 33 hrs., 9 min.
National Women’s Party (Alice
Paul)
Alice Paul’s National Women’s Party began to campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Sanger led the birth control movement (advocating the use of condoms)
“Lost Generation”
A new generation of writers in the “Lost Generation” questioned social convention & traditional authority
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem neighborhood in NYC showcased Black artists’ achievements in visual art, literature, jazz music, & performance art during the 1910-1935 time period
United Negro Improvement
Association (Marcus Garvey)
Marcus Garvey wanted to inspire Black Americans to better themselves & embrace their heritage
Garvey sought to resettle some Black Americans in Africa using his company, the Black Star Line
Andrew Mellon’s “spare the rich” policies
Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon shifted the tax burden onto the middle-income bracket. He believed that high taxes prevented the rich from investing in capital investments (e.g. factories) & instead in tax-exempt securities
