chapters 11 + 12 Flashcards
Thomas Jefferson
“whispering campaign” against him (attacked in the press, accused of: having robbed a widow & her kids of a trust fund (unfounded), having fathered numerous children w/ Sally Hemmings (actually true), being an atheist (not true: he was a deist)), felt that his election represented a return to the spirit of the Revolution, the transition was peaceful & orderly
John Marshall
Federalist Supreme Court Chief Justice (appointed by Adams) whose court expanded federal power over the states
William Marbury
a midnight judge appointee who sued Sec. of State Madison when he learned that his commission was being shelved
Samuel Chase
Justice that Jefferson wanted to impeach for being “foul mouthed” (there were 8 articles of impeachment against him, for trials that he had “mishandled”), Chase was found not guilty of “high crimes”
Lewis & Clark
Went on a 2.5-year expedition to explore the northern part of Louisiana territory, looking principally for an all-water passage to the West Coast
Sacajawea
Lewis & Clark’s Shoshone guide
Aaron Burr
Killed Hamilton in a duel but got away with it (diplomatic immunity), plotted w/ James Wilkinson (Gov. of Louisiana Terr.) to take over the western part of the U.S., Mexico, & Florida (Wilkinson turned Burr in to Jefferson), arrested & tried for treason but acquitted on a technicality (essentially there was no proof), tried to convince Napoleon to make peace with Britain & launch a joint invasion of America
Napoleon
Renewed war w/ Britain
Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa
Shawnee brothers who collected a confederacy of tribes east of the Mississippi w/ the goal of pushing Americans out of the country
William H. Harrison
Beat the British at the Battle of the Thames, gov. of Indiana Territory, attacked Tecumseh’s HQ on the Tippecanoe River & won, the battle made him a national hero
James Madison
“Mr Madison’s War” - Madison & the Republicans came to believe that the Americans had to vigorously assert their rights & Madison asked Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812
Oliver Hazard Perry
Built ships on the shores of Lake Erie & captured a British fleet
Andrew Jackson
Defended New Orleans against the British, invaded FL in the 1st Seminole War
Henry Clay
“War Hawk” (Republican who wanted war w/ Britain), led the Missouri compromise,
James Monroe
Sectionalism was crystallizing during his presidency, warned the European powers that the era of colonization in the Americas was over & that they should stay out of American affairs
John Q. Adams
Monroe’s Secretary of State, wanted concessions from Spain
“Revolution of 1800”
Jefferson felt that his election represented a return to the spirit of the Revolution, the transition was peaceful & orderly
Jeffersonian Republicanism
Diners were seated without regard to rank, Jefferson sometimes answered the door in his slippers & robe, he sent messages to Congress to be read by a clerk instead of appearing himself [He didn’t want to seem too monarchical]
“midnight judges”
16 judges nominated by President John Adams due to the Judiciary Act of 1801
Marshall Court
Decisions made by the court under Marshall bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states
Marbury v. Madison
William Marbury (a midnight judge appointee) sued Sec. of State Madison when he learned that his commission was being shelved, the case established the principle of judicial review
Tripolitan War
In 1801, the pasha of Tripoli, upset that he didn’t get enough “protection money” (bribes), cut down the flagstaff of the American consulate so Jefferson dispatched the navy to “the shores of Tripoli” (200 small gunboats, mounted with one unwieldy gun - dubbed “Jeffs”, made up the “mosquito fleet”), After 4 years of fighting, Jefferson succeeded in peace (for the price of $60,000 - ransom payments for captured Americans)
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon was willing to sell Louisiana for $15 million
British Orders in Council
In response to Napoleon’s blockade of Britain, the British ordered a blockade against France. All ships (including American) had to be stopped at British ports
Impressment
About 6,000 U.S. citizens were pressed into service by the British, the British did not recognize American citizenship
Chesapeake incident
In 1807, the U.S.S. Chesapeake was overhauled by the British frigate H.M.S. Leopard off the coast of VA. The British demanded the surrender of 4 alleged deserters. The Americans refused. The British fired on the Chesapeake, killing 3, wounding 18, & taking the deserters
Embargo Act
Jefferson responded to impressment & other European issues by issuing an embargo, which forbade the export of all goods from the U.S., whether in American or in foreign ships
Non-Intercourse Act
Reopened trade with the nations of the world, EXCEPT Britain & France (who were still fighting), passed under the Madison administration
Macon’s Bill No. 2
Dismantled the embargo & offered that if either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore is embargo against the non-repealing nation & France acted first (only because Napoleon wanted the U.S. to blockade trade w/ Britain)
Battle of Tippecanoe
William H. Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, attacked Tecumseh’s HQ on the Tippecanoe River (Tecumseh wasn’t there, but his brother Tenskwatawa, “the Prophet” attacked Harrison’s army. Harrison won and “the Prophet” fled to Canada)
War Hawks
Henry Clay, John Calhoun: Republicans from the West & South who wanted war w/ Britain
Mr. Madison’s War
Madison & the Republicans came to believe that the Americans had to vigorously assert their rights. Madison asked Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812
Federalists vs. Republicans (on the war)
Federalists didn’t support the war; their stronghold was New England, where pro-British sentiment dominated
Hartford Convention
Federalist New Englanders demanded:
Compensation for lost trade, constitutional amendments requiring a ⅔ vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed or new states admitted, abolition of the ⅗ clause, prohibition of the election of two successive presidents from the same state, single-term presidencies (A minority wanted to secede from the Union)
Treaty of Ghent
The War of 1812 ended with an armistice (both sides agreed to stop fighting & return conquered territory). Americans boasted, “Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost”
Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson defended the city against the British. Result = 2,000 Brits killed in 30 min. (vs. only 70 Americans). American victory led to restorations of nationalism & self-confidence
Rush-Bagot Agreement
Limited naval armament (number and type of ships had to be the same) for the Americans and British on the Great Lakes
“American System”
(Henry Clay) strong banking system: easy & abundant credit, protective tariff: protection for American manufacturing from cheap British goods, national improvements: revenues from the tariff would provide money for roads & canals
“Era of Good Feelings”
Sectionalism was crystallizing during Monroe’s presidency, contested issues: The American System & the sale of public lands & slavery, Economic Panic of 1819 - led to depression, bankruptcies, unemployment
Missouri Compromise
Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state (sectional balance was 11-11), Henry Clay led the compromise: Missouri would be a slave state & Maine (separated from MA) would be a free state. All future bondage would be limited by the 36th parallel
Convention of 1818
America & G.B. agreed to fix the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel (as far as Oregon) & they agreed to a 10-year joint occupation of Oregon & to share Newfoundland fisheries
1st Seminole War
Jackson invaded FL in 1818 using the pretext that hostiled Seminole & Creek people & fugitive slaves, aided by the British, were using FL as a refuge
Adams-Onis Treaty
Spain ceded FL as well as any claims to Oregon in exchange for the U.S. abandoning claims to Texas. The U.S. promised to pay $5 million in claims. A vague boundary between Louisiana & Spanish territory was also set
Russo-American Treaty
Fixed the southernmost limits of Russian territory at 54°40’
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe warned the European powers that the era of colonization in the Americas was over & that they should stay out of American affairs. This was largely an expression of nationalism
