chapters 13 + 14 Flashcards
John Q. Adams
Had one of the more ineffective administrations & later went on to be the only president to serve in the House of Reps. where he enjoyed much more success
Andrew Jackson
Democratic Republican, won by using a populist style, surrounded himself w/ the “kitchen cabinet,” signed the Indian Removal Act, killed the bank, called “King Andrew I”
Henry Clay
Whig party, ran for president 5 times, threw the election to Adams in return for nomination as Secretary of State (hoped this would propel him into the presidency), reduced the tariff
Nicholas Biddle
Called in loans to create a financial panic, but Jackson remained firm in killing the bank
Martin Van Buren
The “Little Magician,” could not fill Jackson’s shoes & had inherited J’s enemies
William H. Harrison
“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too,” won w/ a slim popular margin, but w/ an overwhelming electoral margin
Stephen Austin
Led the “Old Three Hundred” to Texas, jailed for 8 months while trying to negotiate w/ Santa Anna
Sam Houston
Commander-in-chief of the Lone Star Republic
Santa Anna
Mexican Dictator who moved against the Texans w/ the Mexican Army. He wiped out all local rights & raised an army to suppress them. Santa Anna was captured & forced to sign 2 treaties (1. Withdraw from Texas 2. Recognize the Rio Grande as the border between Texas & Mexico). Santa Anna later repudiated both
Eli Whitney
His invention made separating the seeds from the cotton fiber 50x more effective than handpicking, also invented a process for mass-producing rifles
Samuel Slater
Opened the first mill for spinning cotton thread in Pawtucket, RI, came to the U.S. w/ the plans for the water frame in his head & recreated the machine from scratch, “Slater the Traitor”
John Deere
Invented the steel plow
Samuel Morse
Wrote the code for the telegraph
Robert Fulton
Used the first steamboat that made its first journey up the Hudson River in 1807
John Calhoun
Jackson’s V.P. who revived the states’ rights theory of nullification in the South Carolina Exposition (1828). He argued against the tariff
“The Corrupt Bargain”
4 candidates & no clear winner: John Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson (won popular vote), William Crawford (had 2 strokes but was still in the running), Henry Clay (4th place), Clay seems to have thrown the election to Adams in return for nomination as Secretary of State
spoils system/patronage
Rewarding loyal supporters with jobs (Illiterates, incompetents, crooks, etc., were given jobs in the Jackson administration)
National Republicans (Whigs)
(H. Clay) Valued community, more liberal than Democrats in their support of gov’t programs & reforms such as public schools, prohibition & abolition (supported by some), favored the “American System”
Democratic Republicans
(A. Jackson) Valued individual liberty & states’ rights, wanted federal restraint in social & economic affairs, on guard against “privilege” in gov’t
kitchen cabinet
Created by the Peggy Eaton (Petticoat) Affair of 1831, Jackson surrounded himself w/ loyal supporters who were dubbed the “kitchen cabinet”
Tariff of Abominations
The 1828 Tariff raised the already high 1824 protective tariff to a 50-60% level, it protected American industry against competition from European goods but drove up prices for Americans
South Carolina Exposition
John Calhoun (Jackson’s V.P.) revived the states’ rights theory of nullification
nullification crisis
Henry Clay reduced the tariff
“Nullies” in SC were not pacified by the 1832 reduction in the tariff (to 35%); they threatened to secede, Jackson threatened to invade SC & have the nullifiers hanged. He would not support disunion
Force Bill
Authorized the president to use the army & navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties
Five Civilized Tribes
Cerokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles
Indian Removal Act
All American Indian tribes then resident east of the Mississippi were to be either removed to Indian Territory or submit to state & federal laws
Black Hawk’s War
Black Hawk led the resistance movement of Sac and Fox (IL, WI) against eviction from Illinois, the homeland of his people. “Black Hawk’s War” ended in 1832 w/ an American victory at the Battle of Bad Axe
Second Seminole War
The government made another attempt to move the Seminoles to Indian Territory. Chief Osceola led the resistance but was captured after 7 years of guerilla-style fighting
Treaty of Hopewell
Established borders between the U.S. & the Cherokee lands & made anyone who entered Cherokee territory subject to Cherokee law
Cherokee Nation v. GA
The Cherokee stated that they were an independent nation, as previous treatied w/ the U.S. demonstrated (e.g. the Hopewell Treaty), the Marshall Court ruled that the Cherokee were a “domestic dependent nation” under the care of the U.S. government (not individual states)
Worcester v. GA
Missionaries violated a GA law prohibiting white men from entering Cherokee lands without a state license & were sentenced to hard labor, the court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a “distinct community” w/ self-government
Trail of Tears
Forced removal of ~18,000 Cherokees, including leader John Ross. (Van Buren was President by this time). 4,000-8,000 died along the way. The people were robbed & cheated by anyone wielding local police power
Bank War
Daniel Webster & Henry Clay (National Republicans, soon to be called Whigs) made the bank a campaign issue in 1832 by proposing an early renewal of the bank’s charter. They hoped when Jackson vetoed the bank, he would alienate the wealthy in the East
“pet banks”
The banks that Jackson used for federal funds
“wildcat banks”
“Pet banks” became “wildcat banks” without the central bank in control, this flooded the country w/ devalued paper currency
Specie Circular
Issued by Jackson to rein in financial panic by requiring all public lands to be purchased w/ hard money (gold/silver)
Panic of 1837
Jackson’s war on the bank led to the Panic of 1837, caused by rampant speculation, which led to bank closures, factory shutdowns, & widespread hardship (luckily for Jackson, he had retired by then)
“Remember the Alamo!”
13-day siege in late Feb. 1836 by the Mexicans against the Texans. The Mexicans stormed the mission, killing all the defenders, including Jim Bowie & Davy Crockett (a Tennessean who sympathized w/ the Texas cause). “Remember the Alamo!” became a rallying cry for Texans, many men signed up to fight against the Mexicans
Battle of San Jacinto
Gen. Houston lured Santa Anna to the area & attacked Santa Anna during siesta. Santa Anna was captured & forced to sign 2 treaties (1. Withdraw from Texas 2. Recognize the Rio Grande as the border between Texas & Mexico). Santa Anna later repudiated both
“Log Cabin & Hard Cider” campaign
The Whigs (William H. Harrison) focused on their “Log Cabin & Hard Cider” campaign & Harrison won
nativism
Nativists believed that immigrants would “overwhelm the native stock”
Know-Nothing Party
Wanted rigid restrictions on immigration & naturalization
Industrial Revolution
Began with the invention of the steam engine & textile production machines in England. The ingredients for the revolution were:
1. Abundant, cheap labor (America had millions of immigrants)
2. Raw materials (used for industrial production)
3. Mechanization (required capital investment)
inventions of the 19th century
Steam engine, cotton gin, sewing machine, Colt’s revolver, telegraph, etc.
Lowell System
“Factory girls” lived in boarding houses, worked 12-13 hours a day, were supervised during free time, & were escorted to church on their only day off (it died out in mid-century due to increased immigration)
Erie Canal
New Yorkers built the canal linking the Great Lakes w/ the Hudson River (363 miles), “Clinton’s Big Ditch.” The Canal was completed in 1825. The cost of shipping a ton of grain from Buffalo to NYC fell from $100 to $5, & the time of transit fell from 20 days to just 6. Immigrants were attracted to the route of the canal, & cities such as Cleveland, Detroit, & Chicago exploded in population & influence
Market Revolution
Transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms & tiny workshops into a national network of industry & commerce. Advances in manufacturing & transportation widened the gulf between rich & poor
Transportation Revolution
Highways, Robert Fulton’s steamboat (10 mph vs. keelboat’s 1 mph), the Erie Canal, some railroads (mainly in the North), Cables & Clippers (could outrun steamships but needed a good wind & couldn’t carry as much cargo) & Pony Riders (carried mail from Missouri to CA, but it lasted only 18 months)
Cult of Domesticity
(White, middle class), developed w/ the emergence of the market economy when the prior links between family & community closed off, the home was an “emotional refuge” for the man, & a private space for the family, the ideal woman was pious, pure, submissive, & domestic
separate spheres
Men occupied the public sphere: rationality, aggressiveness, independence, & toughness were needed. Women were deemed intellectually & physically inferior to men & occupied the private sphere: nurture, morality, domesticity, passivity, & delicacy balanced the male traits
