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BIOL 240 > chapters 3-4 > Flashcards

chapters 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

in water where do the electrons spend more time near

A

oxygen instead of hydrogen

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2
Q

polar molecule

A

uneven charges

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3
Q

what allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with eachother

A

polarity

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4
Q

water’s emergent properties

A

cohesive
moderate temp
expansion upon freezing
versatility as a solvent

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5
Q

cohesion

A

when two of the same thing stick together
ex. hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stick together

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6
Q

surface tension

A

how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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7
Q

cohesion results in…

A

high surface tension

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8
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between dif substances
ex. water and plant walls

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9
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion
- ex. faster something is moving -> higher its jinetic energy

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10
Q

thermal energy

A

asssociated with kinetic energy
random movement of atoms of molecules

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11
Q

temperature

A

average kinetic energu of the molecules in a body of matter
- thermal energu depends on volume

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12
Q

heat

A

thermal energy in transfer from one boy of matter to another

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13
Q

calorie

A

amt of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 degrees C

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14
Q

kilocalories

A

the “calories” on food packages

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15
Q

1 kcal =

A

1000 cal

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16
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed ot lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C

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17
Q

specific heat of water is

A

1 cal

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18
Q

heat is ___ when gydrogen bonds break

A

absorbed

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19
Q

heat is ____ when hydrogen bonds form

A

released

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20
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas

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21
Q

evaperative cooling

A

when liquid evaporates and leaves the surface cool

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22
Q

water is ____ dense as a solid than as a liquid

A

less

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23
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent of a solution

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24
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved

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25
Q

aqueous solution

A

solution when water is the solvent

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26
Q

why is water a good solvent

A

its polarity

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27
Q

hydration shell

A

sphere of water molecules that surround an ionic compound when dissolved in water

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28
Q

hydrophilic

A

can dissolve

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29
Q

hydrophobic

A

can’t dissolve (nonpolar bonds)

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30
Q

molarity

A

number of moles of a solute per liter of solution

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31
Q

hydroxide ion

A

(OH-)molecule that lost the hydrogen ion (H+)

32
Q

hydronium ion

A

(H3O+) the molecule with the extra proton

33
Q

what modifies the concentration of H+ and OH-

A

acids and bases

34
Q

acid

A

increases H+

35
Q

base

A

reduces H+

36
Q

strong acids and bases ___ in water

A

dissociate

37
Q

how to find pH

A

pH= -log(H+)

38
Q

how to find H+ concentration

A

10^-pH

39
Q

buffers

A

substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

40
Q

ocean acidification

A

CO2 dissolved in seawater to form carbonic acid

41
Q

organic chemistry

A

the study of compounds that contain carbon

42
Q

alomost all organic compounds contain ____ in addition to carbon atoms

A

hydrogen atoms

43
Q

double bonds do what to a complex

A

make it flat

44
Q

valence

A

the number of covalent bonds it can form

45
Q

most frequent carbon bonding partners

A

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

46
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules with only hydrogen and carbon

47
Q

hydrocarbons release a ___ amt of energy

A

large

48
Q

isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but DIF STRUCTURES

49
Q

structural isomers

A

different covalent arrangements of their atoms

50
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

have the same covalent bonds but DIF ORDERS

51
Q

enantiomers

A

isomers that are MIRROR IMAGES of eachother
ex. like how hands are mirror images of eachother

52
Q

functional groups

A

components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chem reactions

53
Q

hydroxyl group

A

(-OH) polar due to electronegative oxygen (alcohols)

54
Q

carbonyl group (\C=O)
/

A

(\C=O) sugars with ketone and aldehydes
/

55
Q

carboxyl group

A

(-COOH) acts as an acid

56
Q

Amino group

A

(-NH2) acts as a base

57
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

(-SH) two (-SH) groups react to for a “cross link” that stablizes protein structue

58
Q

phosphate group

A

(-OPO3^2-)contributes neg charge
when attatched releases energy

59
Q

methyl group

A

(-CH3) affects the expression of genes and shape and function of sex hormones

60
Q

light microscope

A

light is passed through a specimen and the through the glass lense
-lense bends light

61
Q

electron microscopes (EMs)

A

used to study subcellular structures

62
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEMs)

A

focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen to make it look 3D

63
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEMs)

A

focus beam of electrons through specimen 2D
-internal structure of cells

64
Q

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have:

A

plasma membranes
cytosol
chromosomes
ribosomes

65
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste through the cell

66
Q

ribosomes

A

use info from DNA to make proteins

67
Q

nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

68
Q

where do ribosomes build proteins

A

in cytosol (free ribosomes)
outside of ER (bound ribosmomes)

69
Q

vesicles

A

transfer components of the endomembrane system

70
Q

smooth ER

A

-no ribosomes
synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poision, stores calcium

71
Q

rough ER

A

-has ribisomes that secrete glycoproteins
-distributes vesicles

72
Q

golgi apperatus

A

-modifies products of the ER
-manufactures macromolecules
-ships them into transport molecules

73
Q

cis face of golgi

A

recieves vesicles from ER

74
Q

trans face of golgi

A

ships vesicles

75
Q

lysosome

A

digest macromolecules
-fuses with food vacuoles to digest food
-recycle organelles and macromolecules

76
Q

autophagy

A

when lysosomes use enzymes to recycle its cell’s organelles and macromolecules

77
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles

BIOL 240 (9 decks)

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