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BIOL 240 > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

if you have energy it can’t disappear

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2
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

every transfer of energy always increases entropy (disorder) of the universe

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3
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that take place in your body

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4
Q

metabolic pathway

A

molecule is altered series of steps to produce a product

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5
Q

catabolic pathways

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

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6
Q

anabolic pathway

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
ex. synthesis of proteins

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7
Q

bioenergetics

A

study of how energy flows through organisms

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8
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change, can be used to do work

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9
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with motion

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10
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movements of atoms or molecules

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11
Q

heat

A

energy transfer from one object to another

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12
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location
ex. higher up —> more potential energy

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13
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in chemical reactions

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14
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformation in a collection of matter

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15
Q

open system

A

energy and matter is transferred between the system and its surroundings

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16
Q

entropy

A

the measure of molecular disorder or randomness

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17
Q

how do organisms increase entropy of surroundings

A

through metabolism (breaking down food to release heat)

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18
Q

spontaneous process

A

occur without energy input

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19
Q

processes that decrease entropy

A

nonspontaneous processes (require energy)

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20
Q

free energy

A

the portion of a systems energy that can do work when temp and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as a living cell

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21
Q

ΔG

A

can be used to determine whether it is spontaneous or not

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22
Q

ΔG=

A

g final state-g initial state

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23
Q

negative delta g

A

system loses free energy and becomes more stable

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24
Q

higher g

A

more unstable

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25
Q

lower g

A

more stable

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26
Q

equilibrium

A

max stability

27
Q

exergonic reaction

A

energy outward- release of energy to its surroundings

28
Q

endergonic reaction

A

absorbs free energy from surroundings

29
Q

magnitude of delta g

A

determines the max amount f work an exergonic reaction can perform

30
Q

breaking bonds ___ energy

A

requires

31
Q

what would happen if we reached equilibrium

A

we would die

32
Q

how do we never reach equilibrium

A

steady inflow of glucose and release of wast products

33
Q

chemical work

A

pushes endergonic reactions

34
Q

transport work

A

pumps substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

35
Q

mechanical work

A

such as beating cilia or contracting muscle cells

36
Q

energy coupling

A

using exergonic processes to drive endergonic reactions

37
Q

how to get energy from atp

A

breaking the phosphate bond in atp to make it adp

38
Q

are coupled reactions endergonic or exergonic

A

exergonic

39
Q

phosphorylation

A

transfer of a phosphate group from atp to another molecule
-powers endergonic reactions

40
Q

phosphorylated intermediate

A

the recipient molecule from phosphorylation that is less stable with more free energy

41
Q

atp hydrolysis powers what?

A

transport and mechanical work

42
Q

how to make atp

A

add phosphate group to adp

43
Q

atp cycle

A

shuttling of inorganic phosphate and energy
-couples energy-yielding processes to energy-consuming ones

44
Q

catalyst

A

chemical agents that speed up reactions

45
Q

enzymes

A

macromolecules (usually proteins) that act as catalysts in reactions

46
Q

activation energy

A

amount of energy needed to break a bond

47
Q

transition state

A

when molecules are at their unstable state and are being pushed to their products

48
Q

what determines the rate of a reaction

A

activation energy

49
Q

what does adding heat do to a reaction

A

causes proteins to denature and speeds up all reactions

50
Q

catalysis

A

the process by which a catalyst selectively speeds up a reaction without itself being consumed

51
Q

how does an enzyme work

A

lowers the activation energy of a molecule

52
Q

substrate

A

reactant that an enzyme acts on

53
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

when the substrate is bonded to the enzyme

54
Q

active site

A

where the substrate bonds to the enzyme

55
Q

induced fit

A

when the enzyme changes shape to tighten around the substrate

56
Q

cofactors

A

nonprotein helpers that bind to an enzyme permanently or with a substrate

57
Q

coenzymes

A

organic cofactors

58
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

closely resemble a substrate and binds to the enzymes active site

59
Q

noncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to another part of the enzyme away from the active site
-causes enzyme to change shape

60
Q

examples of irreversible enzyme inhibitors

A

toxins and poisons

61
Q

allosteric regulation

A

when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affected the proteins function on the other side

62
Q

cooperativity

A

substrate binds to one. active site triggers a shape change in the enzyme that stabilizes the active for for all other sites

63
Q

feedback inhibition

A

have enough of a product so the metabolic pathway shuts down

BIOL 240 (9 decks)

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