chapters 1-2

Question 1

reducionism

Answer 1

an approach that reduces complex systems to simple components that are manageable to study

Question 2

emergent properties

Answer 2

new properties from component parts
ex. a functioning bicycle emerges only when a;; the necessary parts connect in the correct way

Question 3

systems biology

Answer 3

analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system

Question 4

smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life

Answer 4

cell

Question 5

types of prokaryotic cells

Answer 5

bacteria and archaea

Question 6

how many chemicals in dna

Answer 6

4

Question 7

what do genes do

Answer 7

code proteins to build other molecules

Question 8

dna is ____ to rna

Answer 8

transcribed

Question 9

rna is ____ to protein

Answer 9

translated

Question 10

gene expression

Answer 10

the process of converting info from gene to cellular product

Question 11

genome

Answer 11

all genetic instructions

Question 12

genomics

Answer 12

study of whole sets of genes in a species

Question 13

proteomics

Answer 13

the study of whole sets of proteins (in an organism) and their properties

Question 14

proteome

Answer 14

the whole set of proteins expressed by a given call, tissue, or organ

Question 15

bioinformatics

Answer 15

the use of computational tools to process large volumes of data

Question 16

energy enters and ecosystem through ___ and exits through ___

Answer 16

light, heat

Question 17

feedback regulation

Answer 17

the output, or product of a process, regulates that process

Question 18

neg. feedback

Answer 18

response reduces the initial stimulus
-ex. insulin-blood sugar regulation

Question 19

pos. feedback

Answer 19

end product speeds up its own production
ex. platlets and clotting

Question 20

species names contain

Answer 20

1. the genus 2. the species name

Question 21

are we closer related to archaea or bacteria

Answer 21

archaea

Question 22

types of eukarya

Answer 22

plants
fungi
animals
protists

Question 23

protists

Answer 23

most numerous and diverse and mostly single celled

Question 24

darwins two main points

Answer 24

decent with modification
natural selection

Question 25

qualitative data

Answer 25

taken from observations

Question 26

quantitative data

Answer 26

taken from numerical measurments

Question 27

inductive reasoning

Answer 27

retty reliable generalizations ex. the sun rises from the east

Question 28

deductive reasoning

Answer 28

makes specific predictions ex. “if…then” logic

Question 29

matter

Answer 29

anything that takes up space

Question 30

element

Answer 30

cannot be broken down to other substanes

Question 31

compound

Answer 31

two or more elements in a ratio ex. water

Question 32

essential elements

Answer 32

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 33

trace elements

Answer 33

required by an organism in small quantities - generaly used in enzymes

Question 34

atomic nucleus is composed of

Answer 34

neutrons and protons

Question 35

daltons

Answer 35

measure neutron and proton mass

Question 36

atomic number

Answer 36

number of protons (tells what element)

Question 37

mass number

Answer 37

protons + neutrons

Question 38

atomic mass

Answer 38

more exacxt mass number

Question 39

isotopes

Answer 39

two atoms that have dif numbers of neutrons ex. carbon-12, carbon-13

Question 40

radioactive isotopes

Answer 40

decay spontaneously and give off dangerous particals and energy

Question 41

half-life

Answer 41

parent isotope decaying into its daughter isotope

Question 42

radiometric dating

Answer 42

measure the ratio of dif isotopes and calcu;ate how many half lifes passed since the fossil or rock was created

Question 43

chemical behavior of an atom is determined….

Answer 43

by the distribution of electrons in the electron shells

Question 44

valence electrons

Answer 44

electrons in the outermost shell

Question 45

orbital

Answer 45

three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

Question 46

covalent bond

Answer 46

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms (strongest bonds)

Question 47

molecule

Answer 47

two or more atoms covalently bonded

Question 48

valence

Answer 48

atom’s bonding capacity

Question 49

electronegativity

Answer 49

atom’s attraction for electrons in a covalent bond

Question 50

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 50

atoms share eletron equally ONLY WHEN ATOMS ARE SAME ex. o-o or h-h

Question 51

polar covalent bonds

Answer 51

one atom is more electronegative and atoms don’t share the electron equally

Question 52

what causes partial pos./neg. charge

Answer 52

polar covalent bonds

Question 53

ions

Answer 53

two opp. charged atoms or molecules

Question 54

ionic bond

Answer 54

cation + anion

Question 55

cation

Answer 55

pos. charged ion

Question 56

anion

Answer 56

neg. charged ion

Question 57

ionic compounds / salts

Answer 57

compounds formed by ionic bonds ex. NaCl (table salt)

Question 58

hydrogen bonds

Answer 58

hydrogen atoms covalently bond to one electronegative atom that is also attracted to another electronegative atom

Question 59

electronegative partners

Answer 59

usually oxygen or nitrogen

Question 60

van der waals interactions

Answer 60

attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of the charges ex. gecko’s toe hair and a wall

Question 61

chemical equilibrium

Answer 61

when the forward and revers reactions occur at the same rate