chapters 1-2 Flashcards
reducionism
an approach that reduces complex systems to simple components that are manageable to study
emergent properties
new properties from component parts
ex. a functioning bicycle emerges only when a;; the necessary parts connect in the correct way
systems biology
analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system
smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life
cell
types of prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
how many chemicals in dna
4
what do genes do
code proteins to build other molecules
dna is ____ to rna
transcribed
rna is ____ to protein
translated
gene expression
the process of converting info from gene to cellular product
genome
all genetic instructions
genomics
study of whole sets of genes in a species
proteomics
the study of whole sets of proteins (in an organism) and their properties
proteome
the whole set of proteins expressed by a given call, tissue, or organ
bioinformatics
the use of computational tools to process large volumes of data
energy enters and ecosystem through ___ and exits through ___
light, heat
feedback regulation
the output, or product of a process, regulates that process
neg. feedback
response reduces the initial stimulus
-ex. insulin-blood sugar regulation
pos. feedback
end product speeds up its own production
ex. platlets and clotting
species names contain
- the genus 2. the species name
are we closer related to archaea or bacteria
archaea
types of eukarya
plants
fungi
animals
protists
protists
most numerous and diverse and mostly single celled
darwins two main points
decent with modification
natural selection
qualitative data
taken from observations
quantitative data
taken from numerical measurments
inductive reasoning
retty reliable generalizations
ex. the sun rises from the east
deductive reasoning
makes specific predictions
ex. “if…then” logic
matter
anything that takes up space
element
cannot be broken down to other substanes
compound
two or more elements in a ratio
ex. water
essential elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
trace elements
required by an organism in small quantities
- generaly used in enzymes
atomic nucleus is composed of
neutrons and protons
daltons
measure neutron and proton mass
atomic number
number of protons (tells what element)
mass number
protons + neutrons
atomic mass
more exacxt mass number
isotopes
two atoms that have dif numbers of neutrons
ex. carbon-12, carbon-13
radioactive isotopes
decay spontaneously and give off dangerous particals and energy
half-life
parent isotope decaying into its daughter isotope
radiometric dating
measure the ratio of dif isotopes and calcu;ate how many half lifes passed since the fossil or rock was created
chemical behavior of an atom is determined….
by the distribution of electrons in the electron shells
valence electrons
electrons in the outermost shell
orbital
three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time
covalent bond
sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
(strongest bonds)
molecule
two or more atoms covalently bonded
valence
atom’s bonding capacity
electronegativity
atom’s attraction for electrons in a covalent bond
nonpolar covalent bond
atoms share eletron equally
ONLY WHEN ATOMS ARE SAME
ex. o-o or h-h
polar covalent bonds
one atom is more electronegative and atoms don’t share the electron equally
what causes partial pos./neg. charge
polar covalent bonds
ions
two opp. charged atoms or molecules
ionic bond
cation + anion
cation
pos. charged ion
anion
neg. charged ion
ionic compounds / salts
compounds formed by ionic bonds
ex. NaCl (table salt)
hydrogen bonds
hydrogen atoms covalently bond to one electronegative atom that is also attracted to another electronegative atom
electronegative partners
usually oxygen or nitrogen
van der waals interactions
attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of the charges
ex. gecko’s toe hair and a wall
chemical equilibrium
when the forward and revers reactions occur at the same rate
