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BIOL 240 > chapter 5-6 > Flashcards

chapter 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells except

A

fully paracidic cells

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2
Q

cristae

A

folded inner membrane of mitochondria

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3
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

inside folds

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4
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment that absorbes light energy from the sun

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5
Q

thylakoids

A

membranous sacs that stack

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6
Q

granum

A

stacked thylakoids

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7
Q

stroma

A

internal fluid of chloroplast

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8
Q

plastids

A

the type of plant organelle chloroplast is

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9
Q

peroxisomes

A

metabolic compartments that help break things down and detoxify alcohol in liver

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10
Q

glyoxysomes

A

peroxisomes in plants

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11
Q

motor proteins

A

move things in cell or move cells arounds

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12
Q

microtubules

A

-made of tubulin
-shape cell
-guide movement organelles
-seperate cells during cell division

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13
Q

basal body

A

anchors the cilium or flagellum

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14
Q

dynein

A

motor protein that drives the movements of flagellum or cilium

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15
Q

microfilaments

A

-made of actin
support shape
-smallest
-cell motility

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16
Q

myosin

A

motor protein found in microfilaments

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17
Q

pseudopodia

A

cellular extensions used to help cells move

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18
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

in plant cells, a circular flow a cytoplasm

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19
Q

intermediate filaments

A

-support cell and nucleus shape
-hold organelles in place
-only in animals

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20
Q

keratin

A

intermediate filament protein
-in hair skin and nails

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21
Q

cell was are made of…

A

cellulose fibers

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22
Q

primary cell wall

A

thin and flexible, secreted first

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23
Q

middle lamella

A

thin layer between primary walls containing pectins

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24
Q

secondary cell wall

A

between plasma membrane and primary cell wall

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25
Q

what’s in the extra cellular matrix

A

glycoproteins- collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

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26
Q

integrins

A

receptor proteins in plasma membrane

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27
Q

how do cells communicate

A

through integrins

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28
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels that connect plant cells

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29
Q

what passes through plasmodesmata

A

water, small solutes, and sometimes proteins and RNA

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30
Q

tight junctions

A

membranes of neighboring cells pressed together preventing leakage
ex. go swimming and water doesn’t go inside you

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31
Q

desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

A

fasten cells together into strong sheets

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32
Q

gap junctions (communicating junctions)

A

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

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33
Q

macromolecules

A

non-natural large molecules

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34
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many SIMILAR building blocks

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35
Q

monomers

A

building blocks for polymers

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36
Q

macromolecules that are polymers

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nuclei acids

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37
Q

enzymes

A

usually proteins that speed up chemical reactions

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38
Q

dehydration reaction

A

two monomers bond and loose a water molecule

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39
Q

hydrolysis

A

reaction where monomers disassemble by the addition of water

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40
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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41
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars (simplest carbohydrates)

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42
Q

how to tell if the compound is a sugar

A

multiples of CH20
ex. glucose (C6H12O6)

43
Q

how are monosaccharides classified

A

location of carbonyl group and number of carbons

44
Q

disaccharide

A

formed when dehydration reaction joined two monosaccharides

45
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond between two monosaccharides

46
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles

47
Q

starch

A

a storage polysaccharide of plants

48
Q

amylose

A

simplest for of starch
-unbranched

49
Q

glycogen

A

a storage polysaccharide in animals
-entirely glucose monomers
-highly branched

50
Q

a configuration

A

helical

51
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthopods

52
Q

lipids

A

-not polymers
-can’t mix with water
- mosty hydrocarbons

53
Q

fats

A

glycerol + fatty acids

54
Q

glycerol

A

three-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attatched to each carbon

55
Q

fatty acids

A

a carboxyl group attatched to a long carbon skeleton

56
Q

triaglycerol

A

three fatty acids joined to glycerol by an ester linkage

57
Q

is triacylglycerol hydrophobic or hydrophillic

A

hydrophobic

58
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

the maximum nuber of hydrogen atoms possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS

59
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bonds

60
Q

saturated fats

A

fats made from saturatted fatty acids and are solid at room temp

61
Q

most animal fats are

A

saturated

62
Q

hydrogenation

A

converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

63
Q

trans fats

A

straight not kinked

64
Q

main function of fats

A

energy storage

65
Q

phospholipid

A

two fatty acid and a phosphate group attatched to a glycerol

66
Q

steroids

A

lipids that have a carbon skeleton with for fused rings

67
Q

choloesterol

A

steroid and keeps membrane together

68
Q

protein functions:

A

defense, storage, transport, , cellualr communication, movement, and strucural support

69
Q

catalysts

A

proteins that speed up chemical reactions
ex. enzymes

70
Q

all proteins are constructed from the same ___ amino acids

A

20

71
Q

polypeptides

A

unbranched polymers built from amino acids

72
Q

protein

A

one or more polypeptiedes

73
Q

amino acids

A

amino and carboxyl groups

74
Q

how do amino acids differ

A

r groups

75
Q

hydrophobic/ nonpolar r groups

A

9-
Glycine (gly)- grandma
alanine (ala)- always
valine(val)- visits
leucine (leu)- london
isoleucine (ile)- in
methionine (met)- may
phenylalanine (phe)- phor
trypotophan (Trp)- winston
Cysteine (cys)- churchill’s
Ptoline (pro)- party

76
Q

polar/hydrophillic r groups

A

serine (ser)
thereonine (thr)
cysteine (cys)
tyrosine (tyr)
asparagine (asn)
glutamine) gln

77
Q

acidix electrically charged r groups/ hydrophillic

A

aspartic acid (asp)
glutamic acid (glu)

78
Q

basic electrically charged r groups/ hydrophillic

A

lysine (lys)
arginine (arg)
histidine (his)

79
Q

peptide bonds

A

amino acids linked together

80
Q

primary stucture

A

sequence of amino acids

81
Q

secondary structure

A

coild and folds that result from hydrogen bonds

82
Q

a helix secondary structure

A

coil

83
Q

b pleated sheet secondary structure

A

folded

84
Q

tertiary structure

A

shape of a polypeptide, results from interactions with r groups

85
Q

disulfide bridges

A

strong covalent bonds that reinforce protein structure

86
Q

quaternary structure

A

when two or more polypeptidd chains form one macromolecule

87
Q

collagen

A

protein with three polypeptides coiled like ropes

88
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein consiting of four polypeptides: two a and b subunits

89
Q

sickle cell disease

A

blood disorder relulted from a single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin

90
Q

nucleic acid

A

monomers of nucleotides

91
Q

mRNA

A

controls protein synthesis

92
Q

gene extresion

A

DNA—>RNA—>protein

93
Q

mRNA

A

dirsct production of a polypeptide

94
Q

nucleotides

A

monomers of nucleic acids

95
Q

what is in a nucleotide

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

96
Q

nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base + sugar

97
Q

pyrimidines

A

C T U

98
Q

purines

A

A G

99
Q

deoxyribose

A

sugar in dna

100
Q

ribose

A

sugar in rna

101
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

linkage of nucleotides

102
Q

antiparallel

A

backbones of dna run in dif directions

103
Q

direction of dna

A

5’—>3’

BIOL 240 (9 decks)

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