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BIOL 240 > chapter 5-6 > Flashcards

chapter 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells except

A

fully paracidic cells

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2
Q

cristae

A

folded inner membrane of mitochondria

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3
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

inside folds

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4
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment that absorbes light energy from the sun

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5
Q

thylakoids

A

membranous sacs that stack

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6
Q

granum

A

stacked thylakoids

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7
Q

stroma

A

internal fluid of chloroplast

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8
Q

plastids

A

the type of plant organelle chloroplast is

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9
Q

peroxisomes

A

metabolic compartments that help break things down and detoxify alcohol in liver

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10
Q

glyoxysomes

A

peroxisomes in plants

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11
Q

motor proteins

A

move things in cell or move cells arounds

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12
Q

microtubules

A

-made of tubulin
-shape cell
-guide movement organelles
-seperate cells during cell division

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13
Q

basal body

A

anchors the cilium or flagellum

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14
Q

dynein

A

motor protein that drives the movements of flagellum or cilium

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15
Q

microfilaments

A

-made of actin
support shape
-smallest
-cell motility

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16
Q

myosin

A

motor protein found in microfilaments

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17
Q

pseudopodia

A

cellular extensions used to help cells move

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18
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

in plant cells, a circular flow a cytoplasm

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19
Q

intermediate filaments

A

-support cell and nucleus shape
-hold organelles in place
-only in animals

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20
Q

keratin

A

intermediate filament protein
-in hair skin and nails

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21
Q

cell was are made of…

A

cellulose fibers

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22
Q

primary cell wall

A

thin and flexible, secreted first

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23
Q

middle lamella

A

thin layer between primary walls containing pectins

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24
Q

secondary cell wall

A

between plasma membrane and primary cell wall

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25
what’s in the extra cellular matrix
glycoproteins- collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
26
integrins
receptor proteins in plasma membrane
27
how do cells communicate
through integrins
28
plasmodesmata
channels that connect plant cells
29
what passes through plasmodesmata
water, small solutes, and sometimes proteins and RNA
30
tight junctions
membranes of neighboring cells pressed together preventing leakage ex. go swimming and water doesn’t go inside you
31
desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
fasten cells together into strong sheets
32
gap junctions (communicating junctions)
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
33
macromolecules
non-natural large molecules
34
polymer
a long molecule consisting of many SIMILAR building blocks
35
monomers
building blocks for polymers
36
macromolecules that are polymers
carbohydrates, proteins, and nuclei acids
37
enzymes
usually proteins that speed up chemical reactions
38
dehydration reaction
two monomers bond and loose a water molecule
39
hydrolysis
reaction where monomers disassemble by the addition of water
40
carbohydrates
sugars and polymers of sugars
41
monosaccharides
simple sugars (simplest carbohydrates)
42
how to tell if the compound is a sugar
multiples of CH20 ex. glucose (C6H12O6)
43
how are monosaccharides classified
location of carbonyl group and number of carbons
44
disaccharide
formed when dehydration reaction joined two monosaccharides
45
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond between two monosaccharides
46
polysaccharides
polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
47
starch
a storage polysaccharide of plants
48
amylose
simplest for of starch -unbranched
49
glycogen
a storage polysaccharide in animals -entirely glucose monomers -highly branched
50
a configuration
helical
51
chitin
structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthopods
52
lipids
-not polymers -can’t mix with water - mosty hydrocarbons
53
fats
glycerol + fatty acids
54
glycerol
three-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attatched to each carbon
55
fatty acids
a carboxyl group attatched to a long carbon skeleton
56
triaglycerol
three fatty acids joined to glycerol by an ester linkage
57
is triacylglycerol hydrophobic or hydrophillic
hydrophobic
58
saturated fatty acids
the maximum nuber of hydrogen atoms possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS
59
unsaturated fatty acids
one or more double bonds
60
saturated fats
fats made from saturatted fatty acids and are solid at room temp
61
most animal fats are
saturated
62
hydrogenation
converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
63
trans fats
straight not kinked
64
main function of fats
energy storage
65
phospholipid
two fatty acid and a phosphate group attatched to a glycerol
66
steroids
lipids that have a carbon skeleton with for fused rings
67
choloesterol
steroid and keeps membrane together
68
protein functions:
defense, storage, transport, , cellualr communication, movement, and strucural support
69
catalysts
proteins that speed up chemical reactions ex. enzymes
70
all proteins are constructed from the same ___ amino acids
20
71
polypeptides
unbranched polymers built from amino acids
72
protein
one or more polypeptiedes
73
amino acids
amino and carboxyl groups
74
how do amino acids differ
r groups
75
hydrophobic/ nonpolar r groups
9- Glycine (gly)- grandma alanine (ala)- always valine(val)- visits leucine (leu)- london isoleucine (ile)- in methionine (met)- may phenylalanine (phe)- phor trypotophan (Trp)- winston Cysteine (cys)- churchill’s Ptoline (pro)- party
76
polar/hydrophillic r groups
serine (ser) thereonine (thr) cysteine (cys) tyrosine (tyr) asparagine (asn) glutamine) gln
77
acidix electrically charged r groups/ hydrophillic
aspartic acid (asp) glutamic acid (glu)
78
basic electrically charged r groups/ hydrophillic
lysine (lys) arginine (arg) histidine (his)
79
peptide bonds
amino acids linked together
80
primary stucture
sequence of amino acids
81
secondary structure
coild and folds that result from hydrogen bonds
82
a helix secondary structure
coil
83
b pleated sheet secondary structure
folded
84
tertiary structure
shape of a polypeptide, results from interactions with r groups
85
disulfide bridges
strong covalent bonds that reinforce protein structure
86
quaternary structure
when two or more polypeptidd chains form one macromolecule
87
collagen
protein with three polypeptides coiled like ropes
88
hemoglobin
protein consiting of four polypeptides: two a and b subunits
89
sickle cell disease
blood disorder relulted from a single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin
90
nucleic acid
monomers of nucleotides
91
mRNA
controls protein synthesis
92
gene extresion
DNA—>RNA—>protein
93
mRNA
dirsct production of a polypeptide
94
nucleotides
monomers of nucleic acids
95
what is in a nucleotide
nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group
96
nucleoside
nitrogenous base + sugar
97
pyrimidines
C T U
98
purines
A G
99
deoxyribose
sugar in dna
100
ribose
sugar in rna
101
phosphodiester linkage
linkage of nucleotides
102
antiparallel
backbones of dna run in dif directions
103
direction of dna
5’—>3’

BIOL 240 (9 decks)

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