chapter 11

Question 1

quorum sensing

Answer 1

bacteria sensing how many of itself is around it

Question 2

biofilm

Answer 2

an aggregation of bacterial cells that adhere to a surface
-ex. of quorum sensing

Question 3

two types of mating types of yeast

Answer 3

a and alpha

Question 4

signal transduction pathway

Answer 4

factors on the outside of a cell signaling a change in behavior of a cell
-ex two yeast cells mating

Question 5

local signaling

Answer 5

cells communicating by diract contact
(only animal cells)

Question 6

how do cells connect to cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Answer 6

cell junctions

Question 7

paracrine signaling

Answer 7

local signaling where cells stimulate close by cells with messenger molecules

Question 8

growth factors

Answer 8

stimulate target cells to grow oand divide

Question 9

synaptic signaling

Answer 9

neurotransmitters are released in responce to an electrical signal
ex. drugs can effect

Question 10

what does long disnance signalig

Answer 10

hormones

Question 11

hormones

Answer 11

molecules used for long distance signaling

Question 12

how do hormones travel to targeted cells

Answer 12

circulatory system

Question 13

what does a cell need to respond to a hormone?

Answer 13

a receptor specific to that signal

Question 14

what happens when a cell recieves a signal

Answer 14

-signal reception
-signal transduction
-cellular response

Question 15

recetion

Answer 15

target cell detects signaling molecule that has bound to a receptor protein

Question 16

transduction

Answer 16

when the signaling molecule alters the receptor and initiates signal transduction

Question 17

response

Answer 17

the transducted signal triggers a specific response in target ell

Question 18

ligand

Answer 18

signal molecule that binds to a receptor

Question 19

start of signal transduction process

Answer 19

change in receptor shape

Question 20

G protein coupled receptors

Answer 20

the largest family of cellsurface receptors in animals

Question 21

three main types of membrane receptors

Answer 21

-g protein-coupled receptors
-receptor tyrosine kinases
-ion channel receptors

Question 22

G protein-coupled receptors

Answer 22

cell-surface transmembrane receptors that work with the help of a G protein

Question 23

G protein

Answer 23

bind to energy rich GTP, similar in structure, diverse in their functions

Question 24

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK s)

Answer 24

membrane receptors that add a phosphate group from atp to a tyrosine of another protein
- can trigger multipe STP at once —> cancer

Question 25

ligand-gated ion channel

Answer 25

receptpr acts as a gate that opens and closes when the receptor chamges shape

Question 26

intracellular receptros

Answer 26

proteins found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells

Question 27

protein kinase

Answer 27

transfer phosphates from ATP to a protein

Question 28

phosphorylation cascade

Answer 28

when there a lot of molecules that rely on protein kinase

Question 29

secomd messengers

Answer 29

small, nonprotein, water soluble. molecules that spread throughout a cell by diffusion
- common: Cyclic AMP and calcium ions

Question 30

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Answer 30

a small molecule produced from ATP ( one of most common second messangers)

Question 31

what does Cholerae do

Answer 31

makes G protein stay active and produce a ton of salt and a ton of water —> diharrea

Question 32

Calcium ion (Ca^2+)

Answer 32

used widley as a second messanger