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BIOL 240 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

fermentation

A

breaking down sugars without oxygen

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2
Q

aerobic respieration

A

consumes organic molecules and oxygen to make atp

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3
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

consumes compounds other than oxygen

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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

both aerobic respiration and anarobic respiration

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5
Q

redox reactions

A

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons

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6
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons

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7
Q

reduction

A

reducing the charge of electrons

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8
Q

reducing agent

A

an electron doner

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9
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron acceptor

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10
Q

what is oxidized in respiration

A

glucose

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11
Q

what is reduced during respiration

A

oxygen

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12
Q

NAD+

A

coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier

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13
Q

NADH

A

NAD+ with electrons in it

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14
Q

dehydrogenases

A

remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from a substrate

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15
Q

what makes NAD+ NADH

A

two electrons and 1 proton

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16
Q

where does NADH take electrons

A

electron transport chain

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17
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of molecules in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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18
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

A

O2 which accepts electrons and a H+ to make H2O

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19
Q

stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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20
Q

glycolysis

A

1 glucose —> 2 pyruvate 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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21
Q

oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)

A

generates 90% of ATP (powered by redox reactions)

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22
Q

substrate -level phosphorylation

A

when some ATP is formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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23
Q

how many molecules of ATP are made from a molecule of glucose

24
Q

where does glycolysis happen

25
what is made from glycolysis
4 ATP reduce 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH 2 pyruvate and 2 H2O
26
where does the carbon go from sugar in glycolysis
pyruvate
27
where does pyruvate go during the citric acid cycle
mitochondria
28
steps of pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes
1. releases CO2 2. reduction of NAD+ to NADH 3. combination of the two-carbon fragment with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
29
what are the products of the citric acid cycle
1 ATP 3 NADH 1FADH2
30
what is waste in the Citric acid cycle
2 CO2
31
how many times does the cycle run per glucose molecule
two times
32
first step of citric acid cycle
acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate forming citrate
33
what happens in steps 2-8 of the citric acid cycle
decomposition of citrate back to oxaloacetate
34
what carries electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2
35
cytochromes
carrier molecules in the electron transport chain
36
what do electrons do in the transport chain?
power proton pumps to make ATP
37
ATP synthase
a protein complex that allows protons back through the mitochondrial membrane
38
what does ATP synthase do
spins to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
39
chemiosmosis
the use of energy in the proton gradient to drive cellular work
40
proton-motive force
proton gradient which is emphasized for its capacity to do work
41
ow does energy flow in cellular respiration
glucose—> NADH—>electron transport chain—>proton-motive force—> ATP
42
why don’t we know the exact # of ATP produced
1. the ratio of NADH to ATP isn’t a whole number 2. ATP yeild is dif depending on whether electrons were passed to NAD+ or FAD 3. proton-motive force is used to drive other kinds of work
43
what is an example of a finale electron acceptor instead of oxygen?
sulfate
44
product of anaerobic respiration
H2S
45
types of fermentation
alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
46
alcohol fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol
47
two steps of alcohol fermentation
1. release CO2 from pyruvate 2. produce NAD+ and ethanol
48
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate and NAD+
49
does lactate production happen only in the lactic acid cycle
no red muscle cells make it even in aerobic respiration
50
difference between fermination and cellular respiration
less ATP and electrons don’t go through electron transport chain
51
obligate anaerobes
cannot survive with o2 so have to carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration
52
facultative anaerobes
can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
53
deamination
removing amino groups from digested amino acids
54
what are fats digested to
glycerol used to produce compounds needed for glycolysis
55
beta oxidation
breaks down fatty acids to make acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2

BIOL 240 (9 decks)

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