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BIOL 240 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

fermentation

A

breaking down sugars without oxygen

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2
Q

aerobic respieration

A

consumes organic molecules and oxygen to make atp

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3
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

consumes compounds other than oxygen

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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

both aerobic respiration and anarobic respiration

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5
Q

redox reactions

A

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons

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6
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons

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7
Q

reduction

A

reducing the charge of electrons

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8
Q

reducing agent

A

an electron doner

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9
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron acceptor

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10
Q

what is oxidized in respiration

A

glucose

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11
Q

what is reduced during respiration

A

oxygen

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12
Q

NAD+

A

coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier

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13
Q

NADH

A

NAD+ with electrons in it

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14
Q

dehydrogenases

A

remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from a substrate

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15
Q

what makes NAD+ NADH

A

two electrons and 1 proton

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16
Q

where does NADH take electrons

A

electron transport chain

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17
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of molecules in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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18
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

A

O2 which accepts electrons and a H+ to make H2O

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19
Q

stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
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20
Q

glycolysis

A

1 glucose —> 2 pyruvate 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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21
Q

oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)

A

generates 90% of ATP (powered by redox reactions)

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22
Q

substrate -level phosphorylation

A

when some ATP is formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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23
Q

how many molecules of ATP are made from a molecule of glucose

A

32

24
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

cytoplasm

25
Q

what is made from glycolysis

A

4 ATP
reduce 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH
2 pyruvate and 2 H2O

26
Q

where does the carbon go from sugar in glycolysis

A

pyruvate

27
Q

where does pyruvate go during the citric acid cycle

A

mitochondria

28
Q

steps of pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes

A
  1. releases CO2
  2. reduction of NAD+ to NADH
  3. combination of the two-carbon fragment with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
29
Q

what are the products of the citric acid cycle

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1FADH2

30
Q

what is waste in the Citric acid cycle

A

2 CO2

31
Q

how many times does the cycle run per glucose molecule

A

two times

32
Q

first step of citric acid cycle

A

acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate forming citrate

33
Q

what happens in steps 2-8 of the citric acid cycle

A

decomposition of citrate back to oxaloacetate

34
Q

what carries electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2

35
Q

cytochromes

A

carrier molecules in the electron transport chain

36
Q

what do electrons do in the transport chain?

A

power proton pumps to make ATP

37
Q

ATP synthase

A

a protein complex that allows protons back through the mitochondrial membrane

38
Q

what does ATP synthase do

A

spins to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

39
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the use of energy in the proton gradient to drive cellular work

40
Q

proton-motive force

A

proton gradient which is emphasized for its capacity to do work

41
Q

ow does energy flow in cellular respiration

A

glucose—> NADH—>electron transport chain—>proton-motive force—> ATP

42
Q

why don’t we know the exact # of ATP produced

A
  1. the ratio of NADH to ATP isn’t a whole number
  2. ATP yeild is dif depending on whether electrons were passed to NAD+ or FAD
  3. proton-motive force is used to drive other kinds of work
43
Q

what is an example of a finale electron acceptor instead of oxygen?

A

sulfate

44
Q

product of anaerobic respiration

A

H2S

45
Q

types of fermentation

A

alcohol and lactic acid fermentation

46
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol

47
Q

two steps of alcohol fermentation

A
  1. release CO2 from pyruvate
  2. produce NAD+ and ethanol
48
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate and NAD+

49
Q

does lactate production happen only in the lactic acid cycle

A

no red muscle cells make it even in aerobic respiration

50
Q

difference between fermination and cellular respiration

A

less ATP and electrons don’t go through electron transport chain

51
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

cannot survive with o2 so have to carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration

52
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

53
Q

deamination

A

removing amino groups from digested amino acids

54
Q

what are fats digested to

A

glycerol used to produce compounds needed for glycolysis

55
Q

beta oxidation

A

breaks down fatty acids to make acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2

BIOL 240 (9 decks)

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