Chapter 12 Flashcards
genetics
the study of heredity and inherited variation
transmission genetics
- principles of heredity
- how traits are passed from generation to the next
- focus on individual organism
molecular genetics
structure, function, and regulation of genes
-how genes are encoded, replicated, and expressed
population genetics
Evolution
- genetic composition of populations
- how genetic composition changed geographically
cell division
continuity of life based on the reproduction of cells
what happens in cell division
more cells + more genetic material
genome
all the genetic instructions
how many DNAs in a genome
in a prokaryote 1 in a eukaryote could be many
somatic cells
nonreproductive cells with two sets of chromosomes
sex cells
reproductive cells (half as many chromosomes as somatic cells)
mitosis
division of somatic cells
meiosis
division germ/sex cells (gametes)
mitotic chromosomes
most highly condensed form of dna
nuclear division
mitosis
what do cells do to prepare for cell division
DNA is replicated and chromosomes condense
what does each duplicated chromosome have
sister chromatids
centromere
the waist of the duplicated chromosome where the sister chromatids are attatched
telomeres
tips of linear chromosomes
centromere
attaching point for spindle microtubules
what happens in interphase
the cell prepares for cell division by growing and replicating its chromosomes
what happens during S phase
DNA is synthesized (replicated)
phases of mitosis
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
what happens after mitosis
cytokinesis
g1 phase
growth phase
G2 phase
2nd growth phase
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm
prophase
chromosomes are condensed
mitotic spindle forms
prometaphase
the nuclear membrane disintegrates
spindle microdubules attaché to chomatids
metaphase
chromosomes line up
anaphase
sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles
telophase
the nuclear membrane reformed and chromosomes relax
mitotic spindle
structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
centrosome
at the polar ends of a cell have microtubules attached
kinetochore
a protein complex associated with centromeres
metaphase plate
an imaginary plane midway between two poles where chromosomes line up
cleavage furrow
a shallow grove in the cells surface near the old metaphase plate
