Chapters 10.1 and 10.2

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

is the study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan

Question 2

cross sectional design

Answer 2

is used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time

Question 3

cohort effect

Answer 3

are differences between people that result from being born in different time periods

Question 4

longitudinal design

Answer 4

follows the development of the same set of individuals through time

Question 5

sensitive period

Answer 5

is a window of time during which exposure to a specific type of environment stimulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability

Question 6

zygote

Answer 6

the initial cell formed when the nuclei of egg and sperm fuse

Question 7

germinal stage

Answer 7

the first stage of prenatal development

- spans from conception to 2 weeks

Question 8

embryonic stage

Answer 8

spans weeks 2 to 8

- embryo begins to develop major physical structures

Question 9

fetal stage

Answer 9

spans weeks 8 to birth

- the skeletal, organ and nervous systems become more developed and specialized

Question 10

teratogens

Answer 10

substances such as drugs or environmental toxins impair the process of fetal development

Question 11

fetal brain development `

Answer 11

• myelination occurs
  infant creates up to 4000 new neutrons per second
• missing connections between neurones

Question 12

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 12

involves abnormaliites in mental functioning, growth and facial development

Question 13

preterm infants

Answer 13

are children who are born earlier than 36 weeks

- typically have underdeveloped brains and lungs

Question 14

synaptogenesis

Answer 14

describes the forming of new synaptic connections

Question 15

synaptic pruning

Answer 15

is the loss of weak nerve cell connections

Question 16

cognitive development

Answer 16

is the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan

Question 17

assimilation

Answer 17

is a conservative process, whereby people fit new information into the belief systems that they already posses

Question 18

accommodation

Answer 18

is a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience

Question 19

sensorimotor stage

Answer 19

occurs from birth to two years, during which infants thinking about and exploring the world are based on immediate sensory experiences

Question 20

object permanence

Answer 20

the ability to understand that objects exist even when they can not be directly perceived

Question 21

pre operational stage

Answer 21

• ages 2 to 7

- this stage is devoted to language development, using symbols pretend play, and mastering the concept of conservation

Question 22

conservation

Answer 22

is the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as a physical arrangement and appearance of that object

Question 23

concrete operational stage

Answer 23

ages 7 to 11

- when children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers

Question 24

formal operational stage

Answer 24

ages 11 to adulthood

- involves the development of advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking

Question 25

core knowledge hypothesis

Answer 25

proposes that infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment

Question 26

habituation

Answer 26

refers to a decrease in responding with a repeated exposure to an event

Question 27

dishabituation

Answer 27

an increase in responsiveness with the presentation of a new stimulus

Question 28

zone of proximal development

Answer 28

suggests that development is ideal when children attempt skills and activities that are just beyond what they can do alone

Question 29

scaffolding

Answer 29

a highly attentive approach to where the teacher matches guidance to the learners needs.

Question 30

attachment

Answer 30

the enduring emotional bond formed between individuals

- infant and caregiver

Question 31

stranger anxiety

Answer 31

the distress infants show towards strangers at 8 months

Question 32

strange situation

Answer 32

a way of observing infant attachment when exposed to different experiences

Question 33

self awareness

Answer 33

the ability to recognize ones individuality

Question 34

egocentric

Answer 34

meaning they only consider their own perspective

Question 35

theory of mind

Answer 35

the ability to recognize the thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others, and to understand that these can be different from their own.

Question 36

attachment behavioural system

Answer 36

which is focused on meeting our own needs for security

Question 37

caregiving behavioural system

Answer 37

which is focused on meeting the needs of others

Question 38

introjection

Answer 38

the internalization of the conditional regard of significant others

Question 39

inductive discipline

Answer 39

which involves explaining the consequences of a childs actions on other people, activating empathy for other peoples feelings.