chapter 6.1 and 6.2 Flashcards
Who was Pavlov and what is he known for?
Pavlov studied digestion using dogs as a model species for his experiments
- classical conditioning of salivation
2 types of learning
process of acquiring new and enduring information
- Learning to associate events
- learning to associate ones behaviour to consequences
Classical Conditioning
Learning that occurs when a neural stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus
stimulus
an external event or cue that elicits a response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
-a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
a reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
The learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus.
3 steps of the Process of Classical conditioning
Acquisition, Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Acquisition
the initial phase of learning in which a response is established
- synapsis are strengthened when neutrons fire at the same time, the activity in the amygdala increases as the animal is conditioned
Extinction
The loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together
Spontaneous recovery
the reoccurrence of previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction
Generalization
- The process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to a different, although similar stimuli.
- The Hebb rule: when we perceive a stimulus, it activates not only our brains presentation of that item, but also our representation of related items.
Discrimination
-Occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus.
Higher order conditioning
a procedure in which the CS is one experience is paired with a different NS to create a second CS
Conditioned Emotional Response
consists of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation
- Little Albert
Preparedness
the biological predisposition to rapidly to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli - why we fear snakes naturally but not guns
conditioned test aversion
in this situation the taste, sight, and smell is the CS. the UR is the experience of feeling sick.
- Aversion involves both a feeling of disgust and or a avoidance response.
Conditioned taste aversion
the acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences. the term “operant” is used because the individual operates on the environment before consequences can occur.
Contingency
A consequence depends upon an action (getting a good grade after studying)
Reinforcement
A process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again
Reinforcer
A stimulus that is contingent upon a response, and that increases the probability of that response occurring again.
difference between reinforcer and reinforcement
reinforcer would be a stimulus like food, whereas reinforcement would be the changes in the frequency of a behaviour like lever pressing that occur as a result as the for reward.
Positive reinforcement
the strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforcers such as praise, money, or nourishment follow the behaviour.
- laughing at a joke
Negative Reinforcement
Involves the strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus.
-taking aspirin is negatively reinforced because doing so removes a painful headache
Avoidance learning
A specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur.
- paying bills on time to avoid fees
escape learning
occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present
- covering our ears when music is too loud.
Positive punishments
A process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually unpleasant, stimulus.
- cat is sprayed for scratching furniture
Negative Punishment
occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus
- like a kid being grounded from tv
Primary reinforcers
Consists of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs. needs the affect an individuals ability to survive.
- food, water, shelter
Secondary Reinforcers
Consists of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value.
- money and praise are both examples of secondary reinforcers
Discriminative stimulus
a cue or event that indicates that a response, if made, will be reinforced.
Shaping
a procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations of that response
- is done in a step by step fashion until the desired response is learned
Schedules of reinforcement
rules that determine when reinforcement is available
continuous reinforcement
every response made results in reinforcement, and learning initially occurs rapidly
- vending machines deliver a snack every time the correct amount money is inserted.
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available.
what are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules
- Fixed ratio schedule
- variable-ratio schedule
- fixed interval schedule
- variable-intervel schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been competed.
- a rat may be required to press a lever 10 times to receive food
variable-ratio schedule
number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average
- slot machines hold the possibility that some players will be rewarded.
fixed interval schedule
reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes.
- if your teacher gives you a test every 3 weeks, you reinforcement for studying is on a fixed interval schedule
variable interval schedule
first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time
partial reinforcement effect
a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement
