chapter 7.1 Flashcards
The atkinson-shiffrin model
- includes 3 memory stores
- sensory, short term, and long term memory
Control processes
shift information from one memory store to another
Automatic control processes
the unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well learned information
effortful control processes
requires attention and conscious effort
encoding
information in the STM goes through encoding, the process of storing information in the LTM system
Retrieval
brings information from the LTM back into the STM; this happens when you become aware the existing memories, such as remembering a movie you saw last week.
memory
- learning that has persisted over time
- is the reconstruction of our past experiences, we reconstruct them differently.
memory process
encoding- getting information into memory
storage- retaining information in memory
retrieval- recalling or using previously encoded and stored info
sensory memory
is a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time
2 forms of sensory memory
iconic memory and echoic memory
iconic memory
the visual form of sensory memory, is held for about .5 to 1 second
echoic memory
the auditory form of sensory memory, held for about 5 seconds.
Short term memory
Is a memory store with limited capacity and duration (less than a minute)
-limited to remembering 7 things before forgetting something in STM
Chunking
process of organizing smaller units of information into, larger, more meaningful units
Long term memory
- holds information for extended periods of time if not indefinitely.
- has no capacity limitations
serial position effect
most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but very few from the middle
primacy effect
when the first few items from a list are remembered
recency effect
when the last few items from a list are remembered
Proactive interference
a process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information
retroactive interference
the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into the LTM
Rehearsal
is the repeating of information until you do not need to remember it anymore.
working memory
a model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time.
- where problem solving occurs
phonological loop
is a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sound, or auditory code.
visuospatial sketch pad
is a storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts is a visuospatial code.
- keeps you up to date where things are around you.
episodic buffer
is a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into covert story like episodes
central executive
is the control centre of working memory. it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among three storage components.
Declarative memories (explicit memories)
are memories are memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized
- facts
- personal experience
non-declarative memories (implicit memories)
actions/behaviours that you can remember and perform
procedural: how to walk, how to drive, that kind of thing
2 forms of declarative memories
episodic and semantic memories
episodic memories
are declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around “episodes” are recalled from first person
- party you went to, first day of school
semantic memories
are declarative memories that include facts about the world.
- capitol of a city
- actor who played in a movie
Procedural memories
are patterns of muscle movements (motor memory) such as how to walk.
priming
based on the idea that previous exposure to a stimulus will affect an individuals later responses
non declarative memory
occur when previous experiences influence performance on a task
- procedural memories, priming
long term potentiation LTP
demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together
consolidation
the process of converting short term memories into long term memories in the brain,
amnesia
the profound loss of at least one form of memory
anterograde amnesia
is the inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury.
retrograde amnesia
is a condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost. It can be caused by damage to the medial temporal lobe
