chapter 7.1

Question 1

The atkinson-shiffrin model

Answer 1

• includes 3 memory stores

- sensory, short term, and long term memory

Question 2

Control processes

Answer 2

shift information from one memory store to another

Question 3

Automatic control processes

Answer 3

the unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well learned information

Question 4

effortful control processes

Answer 4

requires attention and conscious effort

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

information in the STM goes through encoding, the process of storing information in the LTM system

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

brings information from the LTM back into the STM; this happens when you become aware the existing memories, such as remembering a movie you saw last week.

Question 7

memory

Answer 7

• learning that has persisted over time

- is the reconstruction of our past experiences, we reconstruct them differently.

Question 8

memory process

Answer 8

encoding- getting information into memory

storage- retaining information in memory

retrieval- recalling or using previously encoded and stored info

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

is a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

Question 10

2 forms of sensory memory

Answer 10

iconic memory and echoic memory

Question 11

iconic memory

Answer 11

the visual form of sensory memory, is held for about .5 to 1 second

Question 12

echoic memory

Answer 12

the auditory form of sensory memory, held for about 5 seconds.

Question 13

Short term memory

Answer 13

Is a memory store with limited capacity and duration (less than a minute)
-limited to remembering 7 things before forgetting something in STM

Question 14

Chunking

Answer 14

process of organizing smaller units of information into, larger, more meaningful units

Question 15

Long term memory

Answer 15

• holds information for extended periods of time if not indefinitely.
• has no capacity limitations

Question 16

serial position effect

Answer 16

most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but very few from the middle

Question 17

primacy effect

Answer 17

when the first few items from a list are remembered

Question 18

recency effect

Answer 18

when the last few items from a list are remembered

Question 19

Proactive interference

Answer 19

a process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

Question 20

retroactive interference

Answer 20

the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into the LTM

Question 21

Rehearsal

Answer 21

is the repeating of information until you do not need to remember it anymore.

Question 22

working memory

Answer 22

a model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time.
- where problem solving occurs

Question 23

phonological loop

Answer 23

is a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sound, or auditory code.

Question 24

visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 24

is a storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts is a visuospatial code.
- keeps you up to date where things are around you.

Question 25

episodic buffer

Answer 25

is a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into covert story like episodes

Question 26

central executive

Answer 26

is the control centre of working memory. it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among three storage components.

Question 27

Declarative memories (explicit memories)

Answer 27

are memories are memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized

• facts
• personal experience

Question 28

non-declarative memories (implicit memories)

Answer 28

actions/behaviours that you can remember and perform

procedural: how to walk, how to drive, that kind of thing

Question 29

2 forms of declarative memories

Answer 29

episodic and semantic memories

Question 30

episodic memories

Answer 30

are declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around “episodes” are recalled from first person
- party you went to, first day of school

Question 31

semantic memories

Answer 31

are declarative memories that include facts about the world.

• capitol of a city
• actor who played in a movie

Question 32

Procedural memories

Answer 32

are patterns of muscle movements (motor memory) such as how to walk.

Question 33

priming

Answer 33

based on the idea that previous exposure to a stimulus will affect an individuals later responses

Question 34

non declarative memory

Answer 34

occur when previous experiences influence performance on a task
- procedural memories, priming

Question 35

long term potentiation LTP

Answer 35

demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together

Question 36

consolidation

Answer 36

the process of converting short term memories into long term memories in the brain,

Question 37

amnesia

Answer 37

the profound loss of at least one form of memory

Question 38

anterograde amnesia

Answer 38

is the inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury.

Question 39

retrograde amnesia

Answer 39

is a condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost. It can be caused by damage to the medial temporal lobe