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Micro Biology > Chapter7 > Flashcards

Chapter7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A) What is a genome?

A

complete set of genetic info

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2
Q

B) What is a gene and what does it do?

A

functional unit of a genome. it encodes protiens

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3
Q

C) What is the study of nucleotide sequences called?

A

gemnomics

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4
Q

D) What two tasks must all cells accomplish to multiply? [Figure 7.1]

A

Double stranded dna must be repicated

info must be decoded so cell can synthesize protiens

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5
Q

1) What happens during transcription and translation?

A

Translation:interperets the info to synthesize encoded protien
Transcription:Copies info using rna

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6
Q

1) Why are the ends of DNA referred to as 5’ end and 3’ end?

A

number assigned due to number of carbons in the structures.

5 and 3 are where nucleotides bind together

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7
Q

2) Why are the DNA strands antiparallel?

A

oriented in diff directions because one goes 3-5 the other 5-3 ends

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8
Q

F) What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?

A

rna made of ribonucleotides. has uracil instead of thyamine, usually single stranded

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9
Q

G) What are the three functional types of RNA and what do they do? [Figure 7.3]

A

mrna: holds info and corrilates the nucleotides to a aa to make protiens
trna
rrna when rna is the end product.

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10
Q

H) How is gene expression controlled? [Figure 7.4]

A

turn off transcript and reduce the number of transcripts decline

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11
Q

A) How are bacterial chromosomes replicated? [Figure 7.5 and Table 7.1]

A

through bionary fission.

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12
Q

1) What is the replication fork?

A

where dna synthesis occurs in between the 2 bacteria on both ends

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13
Q

2) Why is the replication said to be semiconservative?

A

because each cell has .5 of the original dna and the other half is synthesised

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14
Q

3) What is the origin of replication?

A

to initiate replication protiens must bind to distinct dna sequences

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15
Q

4) What is the role of primers?

A

recorded segments of rna from dna

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16
Q

5) What is the role of DNA polymerase? [Figure 7.6]

A

synthesize dna in 5-3 direction. They add nucleotides on end of 3 to start reaction which provides e

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17
Q

6) What are the differences between synthesizing the leading and lagging strand? [Figure 7.7]

A

leading is on 3 side which is composed of nucloetides.

The 5 is more complicated and requires that rna primer is used.

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18
Q

A) What is transcription and how is it done? [Table 7.2}

A

When rna makes a copy of dna

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19
Q

1) What is the role of RNA polymerase? [Figure 7.8]

A

synthesizes single stranded rna from dna

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20
Q

2) What is the promoter and terminator?

A

promoter: on the dna which tells where rna sould start copying and terminator is what tells it where to stop.

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21
Q

3) How does RNA made during transcription compare to the DNA template? [Figure 7.9]

A

It is opposite/ the pair of the minus strand of dna, but with uracil instead of thyamine

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22
Q

4) What are the plus and minus strands?

A

minus is the strand used as teh template. Plus is the opposite side.

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23
Q

5) What is the difference between monocistronic and polycistronic mRNA molecules?

A

transcript that covers 1 gene

one that carries multiple genes

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24
Q

B) How is RNA synthesized? [Figure 7.10]

A

process initiated when rna polymerase binds to the promoter causing it to unzip.
then sigma factors leave rna to complete transcription.

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25
Q

1) What is the sigma factor?

A

part of the polymerase that recognizes the promotor

26
Q

2) What is the role of the promoter? [Figure 7.11]

A

help rna know where a new sequence begins

27
Q

3) What happens during the elongation phase?

A

sigma facotr dissociates from rna, leavinf it to complete transcription.

28
Q

D) What is translation and what happens during this process? [Table 7.3]

A

process of decodign infor carried on mrna to synthesize a specific protien

29
Q

1) What is mRNA’s job? [Figure 7.12]

A

act as temporary copy of dna

30
Q

-What is a codon? [Table 7.4]

A

series of 3 nucleotides

31
Q

-What are reading frames? [Figure 7.13]

A

how triplets( 3nucleotides) are grouped

32
Q

2) What is the role of ribosomes?

A

strings amino acids together

33
Q

3) What does tRNA do? What type of structure does it have? [Figure 7.14]

A

trna recognizes different and base pairs codons and then delivers proper aa to that area.
has anticodon.

34
Q

-What are anticodons?

A

has complimentary nucleotides to codon of mrna

35
Q

4) How is translation initiated? [Figure 7.15]

A

by ribosome binding to mrna

36
Q

-Why is AUG important?

A

usually the “start” codon

37
Q

5) How is the polypeptide chain elongated? [Figure 7.16]

A

????2 rna’s bind to a nd p sites on ribosome. this matches up the aa’s and allows them to bind to eachother

38
Q

-How is the elongation terminated?

A

when ribosome reaches the stop codon. free poly peptide by brekinf covalent bond holding ti to trna

39
Q

6) What do chaperones do to some polypeptides?

A

chaperones help fold poly peptides

40
Q

A) How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in transcription and translation? [Table 7.5]

A

prokaryotes: mrna is not processed, mrna doesnt contain introns, translation of rrna begins as it is being translated, mena is often polyinstronic.

41
Q

1) What is splicing? [Figure 7.17]

A

taking a segment of hte transcript out

42
Q

2) What are introns and exons?

A

interveining sequences

expressed region

43
Q

A) What is signal transduction?

A

takes signal from out of cell and brings it in.

44
Q

B) What is quorum sensing, how is it done, and why is it useful? [Figure 7.18]

A

sense density of cells in their own poplulation. this helps them to know if there is enough of them to make it worth it to activate certain genes

45
Q

C) What is the two-component regulatory system, how is it done, and why is it useful? [Figure 7.19]

A

way cells detect changes in environment. know for switching to alternate metabolism. A sensor detects variation and in response phosphorylates a aa. the phosphate is then transfered ro regulator which can turn on or off a cell.

46
Q

D) What is antigenic variation and how does demonstrate the role of natural selection?

A

alteration in characteristics of surface protiens. This can help them stay a step ahead of bodies defenses so they can stay alive.

47
Q

E) What is phase variation? Give an example.

7.6 Bacterial Gene Regulation [pg. 179]

A

routine of switching on and off genes. ecoli and pilli alowing them to attatch and detatch

48
Q

A) What is an operon? What are regulons?

A

regulated genes transcribed by one polyintrisic messade,

regulond: seperate operons that are controlled by a singular regulatory mechanism

49
Q

B) What are the three enzyme groups and what are their characteristics? [Figure 7.20]

A

constitutive:enzymes that are synthesized constantly( always active)
Inducible: are not routinely working( can be turned on when needed)
Repressible: produced routinely, but synthesis cna be turned off when not needed.

50
Q

C) What are the alternative sigma factors and what do they do?

A

recognize different promotors

51
Q

D) What is a repressor and how does it work? [Figure 7.21]

A

regulatory protien that blocks transcription

52
Q

What are the two function by which repressors function?

A
  • induction- repressor is synthesized and binds to the operator.
  • repression-doesn’t bind to the operator
53
Q

E) What is an activator and how does it work? [Figure 7.22]

A

facilitates transcription.

Bbinds to site and enhances ability of rna to to initiate transcription.

54
Q

F) What is the lac operon and why is it important? [Figure 7.23]

A

operon that encodes proteins to degrade lactose. So that way if source of glucose is gone it can switch to lactose

55
Q

1) What happens when lactose or glucose is in the cell? [Figure 7.25]

A

gluclose there is a repressor that prevents transcription when lactose is not available

56
Q

) What is CCR?

3) What is diauxic growth? [Figure 7.24]

A

ccr- carbon catabolite repressor which represses the lac when a better source of carbon( gluclose is present)
diauxic growth: when growth is on 2 different nutrients

57
Q

4) What is inducted exclusion?

A

when the gluclose transporter component binds to lac preventing it from activating

58
Q

A) What is RNA interference? [Figure 7.26]

A

uses rna to locate other rna to destory them.

59
Q

A) What is the field of bioinformatics?

A

computer tech used to retrieve and annalyze nucleotide sequences

60
Q

B) What are ORF and how can they be used?

A

Open reading frames: help find the start and end sequences and helps us know codes for protiens

61
Q

C) What is Metagenomics?

A

annaysis of total microbial genomes in an environment

Micro Biology (25 decks)

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