Chapter 16 Flashcards
A) What does symbiosis mean?
live together
B) What is mutualism? Give an example.
both benefit from relationship. some produse vit k and b which the host needs. host provides safe environment for bacteria to grow
C) What is commensalism? Give and example.
.
one is benefited but the other is unharmed: microbes on skin do not hurt it, but the skin provides food
D) What is parasitism? Give an example
one damaged the other to benefit itself: all pathogens, protozoa, and hemilinths
A) What are the normal microbiota in the body? [Figure 16.1]
ones normally found in the healthy body.
1) What is the normal microbiota most significant contribution?
protection against pathogens.
- taking up nutrients
- covering binding sites
- producing toxins
2) How does the normal microbiota stimulate adaptive immunity?
they can influence development of mucousa- lymphiod tissues. The andtibodies that are produced against normal flora can bind to pathogens. T cells can also recognize harmless microbiota and therefore keep system from overreacting.
3) What is the hygiene hypothesis?
insuficient exposure to microbes can lead to allergies.
A) What does the word colonization mean?
microbe establishing and then growing on a surface.
B) When can you call a relationship an infection?
it is parasitic
C) What is subclinical infection?
mild to no symptoms that are not noticed, but there is and infection
D) What is an infectious disease?
results in disease
E) What are symptoms as opposed to signs?
are subjective effects of disease by the patient.
signs= objective evidence ie rash etc.
F) What is the difference between primary and secondary infection?
initial infection
secondary: a infection that arrises due to the primary
H) What is a primary pathogen?
mircobe that causes disease in healthy individuals
I) What is an opportunistic pathogen?
takes advantage of a immunocompromised individual.
J) What does the work virulence mean?
degree of how pathogenic/ stronf an organism is.
K) What are virulence factors?
traits of microo’s that specifically allow it to cause disease.
L) What makes a disease communicable?
spread form one host ot another
M) What is the infectious dose and how is it expressed?
the number of microbes neccessary to establish an infection
N) What is the course of an infectious disease? [Figure 16.2]
includes several stages:
incubation period, illness conalescence, latency, reoccurence
1) What are the different phases?
Incubation: time between ehn host was exposed and onset of illness
illness: person will expirience symptoms
- promodal phase of infection: first vague symptoms
convalesence: recovery from disease.
O) What are the differences between a localized infection and a systemic infection?
limited to a small area
systemic: spreads through the whole body
P) What does bacteremia mean?
bacteria is circulating in the blood stream