chapter 21 Flashcards
Normal Microbiota in upper respiratory
Staphylococcus:gram positive cocci
bacteriodes:gram neg rod (obligate anaeobes)
corynbacterium:gram pos rods
Haemophilus: gram neg rods
morallla: gram neg dipl (aerobic)
streptococcus gram pos cocci (aerotolerant)
A) What does the upper respiratory tract include? [Figure 21.1]
nose, pharynx, eppiglottis
F) What type of bacteria live in the nose?
staph, aureus
norm is like the throat
G) What is pharyngitis?
viral infection. inflamation of the throat
H) What is conjunctivitis?
infectction in the mucosal lining of eyelid
lI) What is otitis media?
middle ear infection
J) How does one get pneumonia?
infection of lower respiratory. swelling in the lungs and causes aveoli to fill up with pus and fluid.
‘Strep throat”? What causes it? What are it’s virulence factors?[Table 21.2 and Figure 21.2, 21.3, and 21.4]
Causes: strep pyogenes. (gas “group a strep)
Virulence factors:
- f protein mediates attachment to fibrin on epithelial cells.
- M proteins- also help with attachment. they also stop c3b from attatching preventing phagosytosis
- G protien- binds to IgG’s fc portion preventing osponization
- C5a peptidase- destroys C5a ( used to signal phagocytes to come)
- steptolysins- kill rbc and wbc by making holes in their membranes
- hyaluronic capsule-( some s. pyogenes) masks it because it is norm component of human cells
1) What are streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins?
some s. pyogenes produce this: causes strep throat with sever fever (pyro aka hot!)
toxin is a super antigen that cause massive t cell activation wich release cytokines
- can cause scarlet fever- rough red skin and rash. which can peel
- strawberry toungue
2) How does “Step throat” spread? How can it be treated?
direct contact and droplet or ingested of contaminated food.
treated: penicillin or erythromycin 10 days
3) What are the different post-streptococcal sequelae? [Table 21.3 and Figure 21.5]
-Acute Rheumatic fever: joint and chest pain, rash, uncontrollled body movements.
-damaged heart valves and kidneys
- autoimmune response because some pep have cells with antigens similair to strep pyogenes so body attacks
it
-Acute Glomerulenophritis:
- more often a result of a strep skin infection
- high bp, water retention, blood and prtoeins in urine
- strep antigens accumulate in the glomeruli and then antibodies attatch and cause inflamation
B) What are the symptoms of diphtheria? What causes it? How does it affect the body?[Figure 21.5, 21.6, 21.7, and Table 21.4]
1) How is diphtheria spread and how is it treated?
Symptoms: dramatic swelling of neck, pseudomembrane froms on tonsils, throat, or nasal cavity. later heart and kidney failure…possible paralysis
Causitive agent: coynbacterium diptheriae
-releases toxins like diptheria toxin. ( a and b toxin) stops protien synthesis.
Identifying: put on a potassium telurite plate. This inhibits growth of most uper resp bacter. c dipthiriea grows black
also can grow on loefflers medium.
Spread: contaminated objects, direct contact or droplet
treatment: antitoxin, erythromycin
2) What is a pseudomembrane?
dead epith. cells and blood clot
3) What do A-B toxins do?
diptheria
b attaches to the cell causing it to be brought in via endocytosis and then a once inside inactivates the elongation factor stopping protein synthesis
C) What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis, otitis media, and sinusitis? [Figure 21.8]
usually happen together and have same causative agent
conjunctivitis: red and swollen eyelid and pus
Ottis: pain
Sinusitis: facial pain and pressure
D) What causes conjunctivitis, otitis media, and sinusitis?
2 most common: haemepholus influenzae strep pnemoniae -conjuct: moraxella lacunata nieseria gonorhoeae -ottis and sinusitis: mycoplasma pneumoniae, strep pyogenes, and moraxella catarrhalis, staph aureus
E) How do you get conjunctivitis, otitis media, and sinusitis? How are they treated? [Figure 21.9
eyedrops, ointments, antibacterial medication
Ottis anpicillin and sulfasoxazol
eustation tubes
A) What causes it? How does it affect the body?[Figure 21.20,Table 21.5]
cold
causes: rhinovirus (picornaviruses, aka sm. rna)
attatch to resp. epith. cells and infect the cells and stops cilliary motions and cells may die. The damage causes infl. cytokines to release.
1) How do you get a cold?
mucos on fingers which touch eyes or nose, droplets
B) What are adenoviral respiratory tract infections? [Table 21.6]
pus on it, unusually sore throat, cough,conjunctivitis, sometimes diarhea, often confused with strep
1)What causes them? How do they affect the body?
adenoviral resp. infections
adenoviruses cause them.. more than 45 types.( double stranded dna)
virus multiplies in host cells, destruction and inflamation occur
2) How can you get one of these infections?
adenoviral resp. inf.
droplets, or possible spread form gi tract
A) What are the symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Figure 21.11, 21.12 and Table 21.7]
cough, fever, chill, rust colored sputum, shortness of breath, chest pain
Causes: strep. pneumoniae encapsulated strains
Pathogenesis: colonization in aveoli causes infalamatory response. this irritates the nerves in pleura (pleurisity). increases blood flow to area… fluids make it difficult to breath
can enter blood stream and cause sepsis, endocarditis, and meningitis
-PsPA (pneumococcal surface protein) : interferes with C3b
pneumolysin: toxin which destroys cilliated epithelium.
2) How do you get this type of peumococcol pneumonia? How is it treated?
it is normal flora in most throats.
The mucocillary tract keeps it from entering, but if it is inhibited or damaged by alchohol and smoking
treatment: penicillin and erythromyocin
vaccine for 23 or 90% diff strains
B) What are the symptoms of Klebsiella pneumonia? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Figure 21.3 and Table 21.7]
chills, fever, chest pain, gorssly bloody mucoid sputum
Causes: Klebsiella pneumoniae (enterobacterium)
Affects: destruction of lung tissue. capsule interferes with C3b and causes tissue death
- can enter blood and cause abcesses in liver, brain, lead to septic shock
1) How do you get this type of pneumonia and how do you treat and prevent it?
klebsiella pneumonia
wide spread and can become part of microbiota. gets old and young people
Treatment : resistant to b-lactam drugs. so use chlorophenicol and gentomicin
prevention: health care workers wearing ppe
2) Even with treatment, what is the mortality rate?
Klebsiella pneumonia
50%
C) What are the symptoms of mycoplasmal pneumonia? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Figure 21.14 and Table 21.7]
“walking pneumonia”
15% have ottis media
dry then later mucoid sputum cough, headache
Cause: mycoplamal pneumoniae
Affects: attatches to resp epith. interferes with cilliary action and can cause them to slough off. inflamatory response results in walls of bronchiol tubes and aveoli to thicken
1) How do you get this type of pneumonia and how is it treated?
droplets of resp. secretions.
treatment: tetra cycline and erythromycin
2) What is the common name for this type of pneumonia?
mycoplasmal pneumonia
walking pneumonia
D) What is pertussis? [Table 21.8]
1) What are the three stages?
whooping cough
- -Catarrhal stage: inflamation fo mucous mem. (sneeze cough, runny nose, low fever)
- -Paroxysmal stage: repeated sudden attacks ( cough bad enough to rupture sm blood vess. causes forceful attempts to inhale making a “whooping sound”
- can cause cyanosis, vomiting seizures
- Convalescent stage: person is no longer contagous and cough gradually decreases
2) What causes pertusis and how does it affect the body? [Figure 21.15 and 23) How is it spread and what is the treatment/prevention?1.1
qcauses: Bordetella pertusis
- attatches specifically cilliated resp. cells
Virulence factors: fha(filamentous hemagglutinin), pilus that helps with attatchment
-pertusis toxin acts as adhesion
– also toxin is an a and b toxin which attatches to regulator protein causing an increase of cAMP, high levels of this mess with signal pathways
–increased mucous output decreases killing ability for phagoc.
-Tracheal cytotoxin- causes release of cytokines, and it is toxic to cilliated epith. cells.
respiratory secretions and suspended in air. - most expelled during catarrhal stage
Treatment: erythromycin.
azithromycin and trimethropim sulfameoxazole
Vaccine: tdap
What are the symptoms of TB? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Figure 21.18, 21.19, 21.20 and Table 21.9]
1) What caused the incidence of TB to rise again and when? [Figure 21.17
chronic fever, weight losss, cough, sputum production
Cause: mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Affects:
-colonizes the aveoli, machrophages ingest them,but they survive then they are carried to the lymph nodes, lungs and other body tissues. In lungs tubercule bacilli multiply and granulomas form
-mycolic acids: keep the phagocytes lysosomes from attatching and therefore prevents it from degrading it.
Rise in 1985: due to increasing drug resistant strains
3) What are tubercles?
In lung the macrophage tries to eat it, but can’t kill it so lymphocytes collect around them. (forms gramulonma)
Th cells connected to the macrophages cause them to release cytokines. fibrous layer forms around them
4) How is TB spread and how can it be treated/prevented?
- What type of drug resistances have developed?
through airborne org and latent infections becoming active
Resistance: to rif and isonazid developed so seconde line treatment came in and some are resistant to them too these are extensively drug resistant.
Treatment: combo of drugs used so that it is less likely to adjust to both strains.
First line: rifampin, isonazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutanol
F) What are the symptoms of legionnaires’ disease? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Figure 21.22 and Table 21.10]
1) When was legionnaires’ disease discovered and how? 2) How does it spread and how is it treated?
high fever, shaking chills, confusioin, m aches., sm amount sputum with blood, abdominal pain and diareah
Causes: legionella pneumophila
Affects:
-macrophage invasion potntiator: encouraging and aiding macrophages to eat it so they can multiply in them and then when it dies the bacterial cells release and infect other cells which they infect other cells/ tissues and cause small absceses on them.
Discovered: when pep went to the American Legion Convetnion in Phil developed a fatal sace of what seemed like pneumonia
Spread: live in warm waters because they muliply in ameobas. in ac units, and contaminated aerosols. (not person to person!!)
influenza? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Figure 21.23, Per. 21.2 and Table 21.11]
Influenza A virus
They synthesize in the cilliary cells and then 6 hrs later their viruses made are budding out and spreading to musous cells. This destroys the escalator destroys the first line defense
1) How do you get the flu and are deaths common?
from fomites, respiration secretions form others.
Ha (hematoglutten) cells will recognize specific receptors on cilliated cells. can cause rbc to glutinate. NA (neuraminidase) is an enzyme which plays role in the realease of newly formed virons from host cells. When virons are being release they attatch to face receptors on membrane host as it buds out then NA destroys receptors freeing the virus to escape.
2) What are the differences between antigenic drift and antigenic shift? Which causes seasonal flu?
antigenic drifts: minor mutations in the genes of ha and na this results in teh seasonal flue
Antigenic Shift: more dramatic change of the genome. This is whyn genome reasortment results in pandemic flue
this happens when two different viruses infect at the same time the procucts or viruses release can have a combo of the two viruses
What sort of treatment is available for those suffering from influenza?
short term prevenative drugs amatadine and rimatidine (most strains resistent to these two)
and relenza and tamiflu
B) What are the symptoms of RSV? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Table 21.12]
respiratory syncytial disease. infants and young kids.
Symptoms: runny nnose, cough fever, wheezing, difficulty breathing, dusky color
Cause: rsv ( a parymoxovirus that produces syncytia
Affect: cause cells to slough off.
inflamed bronchiols become partially pluged by dead cells, mucous and clotted plamsa. sometimes the blockages allow air in, but not out.
1) RSV can cause croup, how is it manifest?
loud high pitched cough and wheezy inhalation.
2) What are syncytia?
causes cells to fuse to eachother
3) When do outbreaks of RSV occur? Is immunity long lasted?
late fall to spring. immunity is short term
4) Is there any treatment or way to prevent infection?
no antiviral meds. strict isolation for prevention
C) What are the symptoms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Table 21.13]
cough, shortness of breath, shock, diahrea, vomiting, muscle aches, fever.
in young adults!
Cause: enveloped virus of teh bunyavirus family. carried in mice
Affects: it goes into circulation. they infect the cells of the capilaries. Infamatory response causes capilaries to leak. In the lungs they leak plasma into them suffocating the patients
death occurs in 40% of cases
1) How was it discovered?
study of an outbreak in four corners region and people died within days.
2) How do you get hantavirus pulmonary syndrome? Where is it prevalent?
inhaling saliva, poop, or urine of mice.
west of mississippi
3) How can you prevent yourself from getting it?
mopping rather than sweep, prevent rodents
A) What are the symptoms of coccidioidomycosis? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Figure 21.26 and Table 21.14
flu like symptoms.
Cause: coccidiodes immitis a dimorphic fungus. its hyphae make arthroconidia. can become air born in dust and soil. infects farmers a lot.
Affected: Once the arthroconidia colonize in tissues they develop into thick walled sperules that contain several sm endospores (not bacterial).
When it does this it causes inflamatory response. in a sm population can cause necrosis in the lungs. and sometimes enter blood stream and other organs.
treatment: fluconazole, intrazole, and amphotercin B.
1) What is the common name for coccidioidomycosis?
valley fever
2) Where does it occur?
ca, ax nevada, new mexico, utah, west texas
B) What are the symptoms of histoplasmosis? What causes it? How does it affect the body? [Figure 21.27 and Table 21.15]
cough, chest pain, chronic sores in mouth (especially in kids).
Cause:Histoplasma capsulatum (doesnt’ have a capsule). grows in soils contaminated with bird or bat poop.
Affect: the inhales spores are taken up by macrophages and then develop into year whithin and multiplies. These can form ganulomas like tb.
1) Where and how can you get histoplasmosis? [Figure 21.28]
2) How can you treat it?
in the mid east especially with sperklunkers ( cave explorers)
amphericin b. itraconazole.
