Chapter 12 Flashcards
A) What are algae?
autrottophic, or photosynthetic eukaryotes
B) What are fungi?
heterotrophs with chitin in cell walls
C) What are protists?
eukaryotes that are not algea fungi or plants
D) What is mitosis?
exact copy replilcation
E) What is meiosis? [Figure 12.1]
reproduce/ replicate to form haploid or sex cells
F) What are gametes?
haploid sex cells
A) What is mycology?
study of fungi
B) What are the morphological forms of fungi? [Figure 12.2]
yeasts: single celled fungi
mold: filamentous fungi
mushrooms: reproductive structures of certain fungi
A) What are the general characteristics of fungi?
cell wall of chitin. secrete enzymes that break down large molecules so they can absorb the nutrients. Degrade cellulose and ligin
B) What are saprophytes?
absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter
C) What are the four major fungal groups? [Table 12.1]
Chytridiomycetes: unicellular Rhizoids. Aquatic. soospores from a spoangium( asexual) flagella gametes (sexual)
Zygomycetes: multicellular, mycelia. Sporangia on tips of aerial hyphae( asexual) zygospores (sexual)
Ascomyces:uni and multi. asexual: condiospores. sexual: acus (sac on hyphae)
Basidiomycetes: rusts and molds multicellular. sexual repro: bsidiospores that are borne on club shaped structures on hyphae
D) What are hyphae? What do they do? [Figure 12.4]
are threadlike filaments that grow toward food source
E) What are mycelium?
visible mass of hyphae
F) Why do fungi like moist environments?
fungi are most successful in moist environements
G) What are haustoria?
q special hyphae that protrude into host cell to gain nutrients
H) What is dimorphic fungi?
single yeat cells, or multicellular mycelia. some can cause disease
I) What are lichens? [Figure 12.5]
association of a fungus with a photosynthetic organism. The fungus provides protection and absorbs nutrients for the pair. the photosynthetic member provides organic nutrients. begin process of soil formation.
J) What are mycorrhizas? Why are they beneficial to plants? [Figure 12.6]
grow in roots of plants. Thefungus suplies plant with nitrogen and phosphorus. They also incease surface area and increases plants ability to absorb water and other minerals
K) How do leaf cutter ants benefit from a relationship with fungi? [Figure 12.7]
ants carry nutrients to the ants and the ants eat the reproductive structures of the fungi
L) How do fungi reproduce?
sexually:fusion of two hyphae and the haploids will join together. when fused they undergo myosis
and
aesexually: mitosis forms spores
A) What are conidia? [Figure 12.8]
aesexual spores
B) How do yeast cells reproduce? [Figure 12.9]
mitosis then one of the nulceases move to bud. which then breaks off and forms a new cell
M) How are fungi important commercially?
synthesis of antimicrobials ie. penicillin. used as models of biochem
bakers yeast alchohols
cheese
N) In what ways can fungi cause human illness? [Table 12.2]
Candidal skin incection: candida ablicans
coccidiodomycosis: coccidiones immitis
cryptococcal meningenocephalitis: crypococcus neoformand
Histoplasmosis: histoplasma capulatum
Pneumocystis pneumonia: pneumocystis jiroveci
Sproptrichosis: sporothrix schenckii
vulvovaginal candidiasis: candida ablicans
Tinea versicolor: malssezia
A) What is mycosis?
fungus that grows in or on the body
B) What are aflatoxins?
produced by aspergillus species. considered carcinogens
C) What is ergot and what has it been accused of causing historically?
rye mold that has hallucinogenic properties. some believe it influenced the salem whitchcraft girls
A) What are algae? How do they get energy?
photosynthetic eukaryotes, but unlike other photosynthetic organisms lacks an organized vascular system
B) What are the types of algae? [Figure 12.10 and table 12.3]
Dinoflagellates brown algea diatoms red algea greem aglea eulogenids
C) What structures do all algae share?
can be unicellular or multi cellular
cell walls of cellulose
chloroplasts
D) What are some characteristics of microscopic algae?
single celled that float or propelled by flagella can grow in long chains aka filaments
large absobitive surface area and so can get nutrients diluted in the water.
A) What is diatomaceous earth? [Figure 12.11]
deposits of diatoms ( micro scopic algea). used for filters or abraisives in polishes
E) What are some characteristics of macroscopic algae?
qmulticellular brown, green and red algea. have a root like structure called hold fast which anchor to rocks etc.
some have stipe which are leaf like structures where photsynthesis takes place.
A) What is phytoplankton?
free floating unicellular algea that are photosynthetic. found in planktin
B) What are zooplankton?
theu are microscopic heterotrophs that graze on phytoplanktin and is food for other organisms
F) How do algae reproduce?
aesexually by fragmentation. rotate between haploid and diploid generations
G) How do some algae indirectly cause human disease?
they produce toxins that is eaten by shellfish mussles and scallops that is stored in their tissues then humans eat them
A)? What are red tides
when pollution and untreated sewage are brought to the planctin in tides due to warner temps and causes algea to proliferate.
A) What are protozoans? [Figure 12.13]
animal like unicellular organisms.
B) What are apicomplexians? How do members of this group affect humans?
parasites witha an apical complex that help to penetrate the cell membrane of host cells. rotate between sexual and asexual forms. They cause malaria
C) What are diplomonads and parabasalids? How do they affect humans?
flagellated protists that lack mitochondria. typically have two nuclie. and live in skin of anaerobic conditons.
they reside in stagnant water adn so causes giardia
D) What are kinetoplastids? How do they affect humans?
have flagella nd a complex mass of dna in their mitochondria. This produces cariations of rna which may account for rapid changes in molecules on cell surface allowing them to invade the cell surface.
causes changas diseas , lieshmaniasis, and tryanosoma
E) What are loboseans and heteroloboseans? How do they affect humans?
flexible body.
l- uses phagocytosis and have extending and retracting psuedopodias
H- theses are flagellated and swim in water, once in body it becomes and ameboid and will eat brains
F) What are the general structures that protozoans have?
lack cell wall
not photsynthetic
G) What are the habitats of protozoans?
aquatic ones, in plants, soil, animals
eat algea and bacteria
H) How do protozoans reproduce?
they reproduce
I) What does the term polymorphic mean?
changes form depending on the environment
A) What is a cyst?
resistant form
B) What is a trophozite? [Figure 12.14]
vegitative or feeding form
J) What is schizongony?
when in multiple fisions nucleus divides multiple times makeing many single celled org.
K) Which protozoans cause human disease? [Table 12.4]
malaria, giardeah and crypto…
A) What is convergent evolution?
when two org. adapt independently in response to their new/ simulair environments.
B) What are slime molds? What are the two types and what makes them different? [Table 12.4]
Amboid that live in soil, leaf piles and other decaying surfaces.
Cellular: vegetative they are single, but hen resources run out they form a mass of cells called a slug.
Plasmoidial: multinucleated. Large. Bright in color. Hapliods meet and join together forming multinucleated called a plasmodium
C) What are water molds? [Figure 12.16]
Oomycytes. Have cellulose in cell walls secrete digestive enzymes. Caused potatoe famine.
A) What are the helminths and what groups does that include?
Nematodes( roudworms) cestodes (tapeworms) and termatodes ( flukes) Cause disease by invading the hosts tissues and robbing nutrients
B) How do helminths affect humans? How are different examples spread? [Figure 12.17, Table 12.5 and Perspective 12.1]
B) How do helminths affect humans? How are different examples spread? [Figure 12.17, Table 12.5 and Perspective 12.1]
Can be transmitted via burrowing into skin, through food, and insect bites
A) What is and intermediate host?
A) What is and intermediate host?
Sexually immature stage,
B) What is a definitive host?
B) What is a definitive host?
Sexual reproductive stage
C) What is a dead-end host?
C) What is a dead-end host?
When it completes it’s lifestyle in an inproper host
C) What are roundworms and what are their general characteristics?
C) What are roundworms and what are their general characteristics?
Cyndrilical tapered body with mouth to anus. Develop quickly.
A) What is ascariasis and what causes it? [Figure 12.18]
A) What is ascariasis and what causes it? [Figure 12.18]
Most common disease caused b roundworms: goes into bloodstream and then into the digestive system and feed off nutrients that pass through it.
D) What are tapeworms and how do they affect humans? [Figure 12.19]
D) What are tapeworms and how do they affect humans? [Figure 12.19]
Flat ribbon bodies. Have hooks and suckers for the mouth. They have segments of body on opposite end that have eggs. These dettatch and are left behind when in the feces . when in human migrate to the brain.
E) What are flukes and how do they affect humans?
E) What are flukes and how do they affect humans?
Flat leaf shaped. Have suckers that hold them into place. They live in blood stram and cause blood vessles in intestinal tract to burst. D) What are tapeworms and how do they affect humans? [Figure 12.19]
Flat ribbon bodies. Have hooks and suckers for the mouth. They have segments of body on opposite end that have eggs. These dettatch and are left behind when in the feces . when in human migrate to the brain.
A) What are arthropods?
insect ice, mosquitos, flies, ticks, mites
B) What is a vector? What are some of the examples of a vector you? [Table 12.6]
transmit micro o’s that transmit to humans
C) What diseases do mosquitoes transmit and how? [Figure 12.20]
west nile, malaria, dengae virus, yellow fever
D) What pathogen do fleas transmit and how?
plague. the pathogen blocks fleas digestive then hungry they bite repeatedly at next victim trying to eat and spreading it.
E) What are the characteristics of lice? [Figure 12.21]
peirce skin suck on blood
A) What is pediculosis?
infestation of lice
B) What do body lice transmit?
trench fever, crabs
F) What are the characteristics of ticks?
arachnids 4 legs. head burrows into skin. lymes disease, rocky mountain spottted fever
A) What is scabies? [Figure 12.22]
itchy rash beween fingers, genitals, and under breasts
